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看不见的生产力——无形资产

2017-09-15 20:26:51   中国经济网

本刊特约作者 李国强/文

十几年前,我刚刚大学毕业参加工作的时候,无意间发现公司的账面上有无形资产。好奇心爆棚的我从报表查到账簿,再从账簿找到凭证,最后发现原始凭证竟然是购买手机的发票。我咨询了做账的同事,解释是,因为给公司高管配的手机价值比较昂贵(当时高档手机数万元),由于手机随身携带并没有在公司,所以放入固定资产不合适,就放到无形资产了,分十年摊销。

如今,手机的价格已经跌落到几千元甚至几百元,进入寻常百姓家,公司的无形资产账簿里再也没有这些奇奇怪怪的东西,取而代之的是土地所有权和科技创新带来的知识产权。

什么是无形资产?

无形资产是指用于生产商品或提供劳务、出租给他人或用于管理目的而持有的、没有实物形态的、使用年限超过一年的非货币性资产。

通过这个定义可以看出,无论价格多少,手机放在无形资产其实是不合适的。无形资产一般包括专利权、商标权、非专利技术、著作权、土地使用权、商誉、特许权、租赁权等。无形资产的突出特性在于没有实物形态,它只表明公司拥有一种法定权利,或者是表明公司拥有获得高于一般受益水平的能力。

几十年来,发达国家的企业发展方向由资本密集型向知识密集型经济转变,无形资产在总资产中的比例,代表了企业科技化、现代化的程度。那么A股公司里的无形资产又占到多大比例?

A股公司无形资产占比低

据Wind数据统计的2016年年报,沪深两市剔除金融行业后,在3200多家上市公司中,仅有34家账面没有无形资产。无形资产总额从2007年的3014亿元增加到2016年的23167亿元,说明企业对无形资产越来越重视,其发挥着越来越重要的作用。

但是,从占总资产比例来看,上市公司中无形资产占总资产平均比例为4.81%(不含金融行业)。而美国的企业,无形资产占总资产比例为20%左右。相比之下,中国企业的无形资产占总资产比例较低,代表着核心竞争力严重不足。

从无形资产占比来看,楚天高速(600035.SH)、皖通高速(600012.SH)、四川成渝(601107.SH)等高速公路企业占比最高,比例均超过60%,其中楚天高速的无形资产占总资产比例高达83.51%。

从无形资产总额来看,中国交建(601800.SH)、中国石化(600028.SH)、中国石油(601857.SH)等巨无霸金额最大。中国交建的无形资产为1483亿元,“两桶油”的也均超过700亿元。

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