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发挥仲裁主渠道作用 破解PPP纠纷解决机制困境

2017-09-12 17:01:51   新华网

在基础设施和公共服务领域推进政府和社会资本合作(以下简称PPP),对于转变政府职能、激发市场活力、提升公共服务的质量和效率具有重要意义。近年来,我国PPP快速推进,成效明显,根据财政部的数据,截止到2016年11月30日,中国总计入库PPP项目有10828个,入库项目金额129598.67亿元。如此大的项目体量,其对相关事业推动的积极作用是显著的,但与此同时,由于受法律制度保障、管理经验、运行环境的诸多因素影响,飞速发展的PPP项目也存在一些亟待解决的突出问题,比如:合作项目范围泛化;合作项目决策体系不健全,决策严谨性、科学性不足;社会资本尤其是民营资本参与和退出机制不完善等等。其中,从近两年项目运行实践中所反映出的PPP项目纠纷解决问题越来越突出。特别是由于对PPP协议法律性质认识的不统一,随之带来的纠纷解决机制问题,成为困扰PPP项目有序、良性运行的很大障碍。如何构建一套公平、高效的纠纷解决机制,既关系到PPP项目能否有序运行,也关系投资者的切身利益,影响其参与PPP项目的积极性,甚至在一定程度上影响PPP模式的发展。对此,现行立法及实践中均存在较为突出的问题,亟待完善。

一、现行PPP纠纷解决机制之困境

根据《政府采购法》《行政诉讼法》《基础设施和公用事业特许经营管理办法》等法律法规的规定,PPP项目运行过程中发生争议的,解决途径有四:(1)双方协商解决;(2)共同聘请专家或第三方调解解决;(3)民事诉讼;(4)行政复议或行政诉讼。至于通过仲裁解决,立法上虽未明确规定,实践中却在一定范围存在,而且随着PPP项目的不断发展,仲裁作为一种纠纷解决方式有越来越受到重视的趋势。但总而言之,正是由于上述多种纠纷解决机制的存在,同时并未构建起一套有效化解PPP纠纷的体系,反而引发诸多矛盾,导致PPP纠纷解决机制陷入困境。

首先,国家所鼓励的协调、调解等非诉讼纠纷解决机制功能难以发挥。PPP纠纷往往涉及重大的利益关系和复杂的技术问题,协商解决通常因双方巨大的利益冲突而失败。共同聘请专家或第三方机构进行调解,因目前缺乏成熟的机制和良好的社会环境,同样难以付诸实施。

其次,民事诉讼和行政诉讼的矛盾引发司法救济的混乱。按照司法最终原则,法院应当是PPP纠纷解决的最终途径。但是,PPP法律关系中由于一方是政府,且项目本身较多涉及公共利益,因而可能伴随行政权力的行使。因此所引发的PPP纠纷到底应当适用民事诉讼还是行政诉讼,无论是理论上还是司法实践中,均存在不同认识和做法,加之在诉讼司法实践中由于多种原因还没有通过成功判例树立起应有的公信力,此种矛盾将进一步影响PPP纠纷司法救济的权威性。

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