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抗癌新星登场 基因免疫疗法站上风口

2017-09-09 09:26:45   中国经济网

一项颠覆性的新型治疗手段让人类彻底攻克癌症成为可能。日前,瑞士诺华的CAR-T基因免疫疗法获得美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准,成为全球首个获批上市的抗癌基因免疫疗法。由于拥有良好的商业前景,基因免疫疗法不但成为国际药企的研发热点,也成功吸引资本市场的关注。

免疫疗法成抗癌利器

随着技术发展,癌症治疗手段正从传统的化疗、放疗转向全新的免疫治疗。目前,最先进的肿瘤免疫细胞治疗技术当属过继T细胞疗法(ACT)。因有望完全消灭癌细胞,该疗法被视为具有颠覆性的癌症治疗手段。

ACT疗法包括肿瘤浸润T细胞(TIL)疗法、嵌合抗原受体T细胞疗法(CAR-T)和T细胞受体疗法(TCR)。其中,CAR-T和TCR疗法原理相同,都是提取患者自身血液中的T细胞,通过基因工程修饰,加上一个嵌合蛋白或新的能识别癌细胞的T细胞受体,经过体外扩增后再输回至病人体内,这时的T细胞就拥有了追踪、识别并摧毁带有特定抗原的肿瘤细胞的能力,能够引发免疫反应,达到治疗效果。

CAR-T疗法在临床试验上已经显示出显著的治疗效果。瑞士制药巨头诺华早前披露的数据显示,在该公司CAR-T治疗产品CTL019的临床试验中,接受治疗的39例复发/难治急性淋巴细胞白血病儿科患者中,有36例完全缓解,比例高达92%。另一家细胞免疫疗法研发机构朱诺诊疗的数据显示,在该公司JACR014产品临床试验中,接受治疗的非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者缓解率为60%,复发/难治急性淋巴细胞白血病和慢性淋巴细胞白血病患者缓解率都达到100%。

相比于传统药物和射线治疗,ACT疗法是用病人自身的免疫细胞来清除癌细胞,具有针对性的治疗效果,且有希望从根本上治愈癌症。

当然,处于新生阶段的基因疗法也存在不足。比如,CAR-T细胞在短时间内清除癌细胞时会产生大量的细胞因子,从而引发免疫反应,临床表现为高烧不退等炎症反应,如果控制不当甚至会有生命危险。此外由于操作复杂且无法量产,CAR-T价格相对昂贵,预计一次治疗的开支可能达到50万美元。

龙头企业掀起“军备竞赛”

由于具有巨大的潜在商业价值,细胞免疫疗法已成为全球药品研发最热门的领域之一。美国FDA表示,到目前为止已经批准了76项使用CAR-T疗法的临床试验。

眼下全球制药巨头纷纷大举投资,加紧布局基因免疫疗法的研发,开始了相关产品的“军备竞赛”。

瑞士诺华在这一领域堪称先锋。早在2014年7月,该公司CAR-T免疫疗法Kymriah(CTL019)就获得了FDA“突破性疗法”的认定。今年7月初,Kymriah用于治疗复发及难治性B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病的临床应用申请获得FDA专家小组的批准推荐。8月底,Kymriah正式获批上市,成为美国FDA批准的第一个基因免疫抗癌疗法。

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