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环保限产升级供给侧继续收缩

2017-09-08 09:01:47   中国经济网

2011年开始宏观经济进入产能过剩的新常态时期,到最近两年管理层明确提出切实推进供给侧改革,推动过剩产能去化,造成宏观经济和微观经济层面的背离。经济有下行压力,因为总需求低迷,同时企业盈利改善而且行业龙头资产负债表快速修复。除了化解严重产能过剩,产能过剩时期产生的环境污染问题也日益严重,环保限产在供给侧改革中的必要性提高,传统高污染、高能耗的资源密集型产业受到严格管制,对价格和产量都产生较大影响。

六大发电集团耗煤量同比涨幅扩大,同比上涨25.0%,涨幅扩大12.1个百分点。30个大中城市房地产销售面积同比下跌41.1%,跌幅较前一周扩大1.0个百分点。供给冲击之下,工业品价格继续显著回升,上周商务部生产资料价格指数周环比上升0.8%。

今年以来,在供给侧改革去产能方面,政策更多采用加强环保监督、推进限产的方式来淘汰落后产能。《京津冀及周边地区2017年大气污染防治工作方案》确定了“2+26”城市的实施范围,提出19项治污措施。其中重要的是要求石家庄、唐山、邯郸、安阳等重点城市,采暖季钢铁产能限产50%,而各地电解铝和氧化铝企业采暖季限产30%以上。《京津冀及周边地区2017—2018年秋冬季大气污染综合治理攻坚行动方案》更是要求上述“2+26”个城市在2017年10月至2018年3月PM2.5平均浓度、重污染天数均同比下降15%以上。

限产所覆盖的“2+26”个城市2016年粗钢产量为2.7亿吨,占全国总产量的33.3%。如果这些区域在今年10月至明年3月期间减产50%,将导致粗钢减产6500万吨,占同期全国钢铁总产量的16.7%。在电解铝方面“2+26”个城市年电解铝产量在1000万吨,占全国总产量的31.4%。采暖季限产30%意味着电解铝减产规模在150万吨,占同期全国电解铝产量的15.7%。如果限产严格执行,将拉低同期河北工业增加值约17个百分点。

限产如果严格执行将导致钢铁、电解铝等工业品供给出现快速回落,供不应求将导致钢铁、电解铝等产品价格显著回升。虽然限产推高上游工业品价格,但由于产出收缩,就业和工资疲弱,居民最终需求持续保持低迷态势。在终端需求不足环境下,限产推高上游工业品价格意味着下游利润将受到挤压。宏观低迷和微观好转会继续存在,行业龙头的盈利会加速回升,上游资源品价格上涨与中下游利润压缩共存,尽管房地产销售和投资出现下滑势头,需求有跟随供给同步下跌的可能,但这种宏微观背离的局面大概率会持续,相应的资源品和周期股行情也会继续,短期供给比需求更缺乏弹性,价格韧性也就更强,直到新一轮的产能修复,供给能力恢复。

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