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全国碳市场渐近 初期煤电承压小

2017-09-04 07:05:54   中国经济网

全国碳市场渐行渐近,作为碳排放大户的电力行业无疑是重要主体。在9月2日举办的“碳市场与电力市场衔接”研讨会上,《经济参考报》记者了解到,全国碳市场初期不会对煤电行业整体形成较大的成本压力,但对碳强度显著高于基准的落后机组将有一定的成本压力。与会专家认为,电力碳市场存在着电力供应的不稳定性等潜在风险,建议碳市场要与电力市场改革联动。

2011年10月,国家发改委批准在北京、上海、天津、重庆、湖北、广东和深圳开展碳排放权交易试点工作。“北京、上海、广东、深圳碳市场发育比较好,这些地区都是市场化条件比较好、对市场尊重的地区。”昆山杜克大学环境研究中心主任张俊杰介绍说。

在此基础上,作为2017年深化经济体制改革重点工作之一,今年将启动全国碳排放权交易市场,电力行业无疑是重要主体。“电力在减碳中具有双重作用,不过目前电力减排的空间在不断缩小。”中国电力企业联合会副理事长王志轩认为,煤电技术改造的空间越来越小,水电的减排作用到一定程度也将趋于弱化,而核电、风电、太阳能等则越来越大。

据透露,全国碳交易市场的配额分配方案总体思路是基准线法+预分配,其中电力行业根据压力、机组容量和燃料类型等划分了11个基准线。在华北电力大学经济与管理学教授袁家海看来,全国碳市场近期不会对煤电行业整体形成较大的成本压力,对具体煤炭企业的影响则取决于其所在分组和效率水平的分布,碳强度显著高于基准的机组将有一定的成本压力,这是在以市场化的方式去产能。

张俊杰认为,全国碳市场目标设置需要给行业发展预留空间,既满足实际的电力需求增长,又激励企业采取节能降碳措施。同时,碳配额的分配需充分考虑资源禀赋和能源布局的差异。值得注意的是,当前电力碳市场存在着一些潜在的风险,首先是电力供应的不确定性。全国碳市场的启动将增大企业的减排压力,而电力价格管控导致市场失灵,碳管制成本无法通过电价转移,影响企业的供电决策,对企业减排的激励较弱。其次,由于区域电力贸易的存在,基于“生产”计算的电力排放因子无法表征各地区真实的电力消费排放因子。此外,还有碳市场与电力体制改革、绿证交易、用能权交易、超低排放以及其他环境与能源政策的协调性问题。

王志轩认为,电力市场化改革和碳市场总体上不矛盾而是互相协调,建议两者寻求最大公约数。同时,要考虑碳市场机制在电力市场上的要求,正确处理强制性手段与市场手段的关系,充分发挥市场作用,与时间和各种政策手段“赛跑”,尽一切可能减少交易成本,坚持大范围优化配置资源和碳交易。此外,碳市场的相关处罚要与电力市场相衔接。

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