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专访:破解“中等收入陷阱”难题之中国策

2017-09-01 18:36:00   新华网

新华社北京9月1日电 专访:破解“中等收入陷阱”难题之中国策——访世界银行高级经济学家曾智华

新华社记者 何瑛

世界银行高级经济学家曾智华日前在接受新华社记者专访时表示,中国拥有非常有利的机遇和潜能跨越“中等收入陷阱”,经济转型升级和提质增效是关键途径。

曾智华认为,中国可以通过打造优良的创新生态系统获得更强大和更为持久的发展动力。他说,中国若想在全球价值链上有所提升,并且真正成为一个全球创新强国,进而从劳动密集型制造业经济向知识和技术密集型经济转型,就需要进一步完善创新生态系统。

曾智华说,放眼世界,像巴西、阿根廷、墨西哥、智利、马来西亚等,在20世纪70年代均进入了中等收入国家行列,但到2007年,这些国家仍然挣扎在人均GDP3000至5000美元的发展阶段,收入水平长期停滞不前。

统计显示,人均国民收入达到3000美元以后,许多国家便陷入经济增长停滞期,伴随的是贫富分化、过度城市化、通货膨胀、就业困难等。曾智华说,“中等收入陷阱”发生的主要原因是经济增长模式转型的失败。

曾智华指出,国际上公认的成功跨越“中等收入陷阱”的国家和地区有日本和“亚洲四小龙”,但就比较大规模的经济体而言,仅有日本和韩国实现了由低收入国家向高收入国家的转变。

拉美地区和东南亚一些国家则是陷入“中等收入陷阱”的典型代表。如菲律宾1980年人均国内生产总值为684.6美元,2016年仍只有2951美元,考虑到通货膨胀因素,人均收入基本没有太大变化。墨西哥1973年人均GDP已经达到了1000美元,在当时属于中等偏上收入国家,而2016年人均GDP只有8201美元,多年后仍属于中等偏上收入国家。

曾智华分析说,造成这种差别的一个重要原因是研发能力和人力资本方面的明显差距。从研发费用支出占国内生产总值(GDP)的比重来看,韩国2003年达到2.64%,高居世界第7位,而阿根廷和马来西亚分别为0.41%和0.69%,世界排名均在40名以后。到2014年,韩国的研发比重已达到4.29%,仍远远高于阿根廷(0.61%)和马来西亚(1.26%)。

从研发人才来看,2006年,韩国每千人中的研发人员达到4.8人,而阿根廷和马来西亚则分别只有1.1和0.42人。从劳动力素质看,韩国2007年劳动力中具有大学以上教育程度的比重为35%,而阿根廷、马来西亚分别为29.5%和20.3%,明显低于韩国。

曾智华认为,中国未来发展从国内外两方面来看都有较大空间。中国正在推动“一带一路”建设,以打造新的增长点;中国近年来已在创新和以技术驱动经济方面取得了很大进展,许多企业逐渐成为技术领域尤其是信息通讯行业中的重要角色;互联网经济处在世界领先地位;中国成为全球为数不多的高铁和客机制造技术的拥有者之一。

同时,中国的研发投入持续上升,为了进一步加强创新能力,中国还启动了“中国制造2025”计划,力求从“中国制造”向“中国创造”转变。这些举措都将成为推动中国经济转型升级、提质增效的强大动力。

曾智华认为,只要中国抓住机遇迎接第四次工业革命的新浪潮,充分利用互联网和智能技术,发掘新动能,实现增长模式转变,就一定能够成功跨越“中等收入陷阱”,迈入发达国家行列。

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