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何帆:央行再提打破刚兑,首先需清理多层嵌套问题

2017-07-14 18:26:20   

  

作者 何帆(北大汇丰商学院经济学教授、中新经纬特约专家)

朱鹤(北大汇丰商学院海上丝路研究中心主任助理)叶子韵(中国社会科学院研究生院金融硕士)

上周,中国人民银行发布了《中国金融稳定报告(2017)》 (以下简称《报告》 )。《报告》指出了资管业务存在的影子银行面临监管不足,产品多层嵌套导致风险传递,刚性兑付使风险仍停留在金融体系等问题。并提出了有序打破刚性兑付,消除多层嵌套,抑制通道业务等六大措施。

报告中共有两个专题,其中之一就是《促进中国资产管理业务规范健康发展》。可以说,央行这次对资管业务给予了高度重视。这一方面反映出资管业务当前的发展速度和规模已经足够大,且存在的问题值得重视,否则对整个金融部门都是巨大的隐患。另一方面,也反映出央行未来依然要大力推进资管业务的发展,并为此搭建起良好的监管框架,真正的大资管监管时代或将到来。我们认为,资管业务在发展的过程中确实暴露出一些问题,其中,多层嵌套和刚性兑付问题尤其值得关注。

刚性兑付由来已久,多层嵌套则是近几年出现的新问题。刚性兑付指的是当资产管理计划到期时,资管公司要按照此前的约定返还投资者相应的本金和收益。若兑付出现问题,那么资管公司需要用自有资金兜底。多层嵌套一般指金融机构为了规避监管而导致的金融机构之间相互持有资管产品的情况。

金融机构之所以大量参与资产管理业务,是因为金融机构利用资管业务包装能把表内投资转到表外投资,从而规避准备金等监管要求。在某些情况下,这种转移需要经过多个金融机构,这就产生了多层嵌套问题。部分金融机构为了获得更多的收益,将拿到的资产进行抵押甚至再抵押,就完成了一次加杠杆,进一步提高了信用风险。无论如何转移和嵌套,由此衍生的风险最终还是要由该金融机构承担,只是此时会涉及到更多的金融机构和非金融机构。

刚性兑付的存在则让金融市场无法为相关的金融产品准确定价。资产端来看,金融机构更愿意承接预算软约束主体发行的资产,如国有企业和地方政府发行的各类债券。市场在评估这类资产时,也往往会考虑到中央政府的信用,虽然中央政府从没有做过明确承诺。这就导致这类资产的价格无法充分反映实际的风险,实际利率价格存在一定程度低估。负债端来看,各类金融机构大量采用发行理财产品的形式从居民部门融资。由于国内的银行体系以国有银行为主,且中国从没有经历过大规模的银行倒闭,居民部门往往对银行体系的信用充分信任。因此,居民部门容易将理财产品等同于普通存款,形成刚性兑付预期,对相关产品的实际风险存在明显的认知不足。

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