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中国有能力跨越“中等收入陷阱”

2017-07-13 18:24:41   

过去,曾有不少发展中国家在人均GDP进入中等收入阶段后,经济社会发展长期处于停滞状态,落入“中等收入陷阱”。根据世界银行的研究,近50年来全球100多个中等收入经济体中,仅有13个国家和地区跨越了“中等收入陷阱”。

分析其他经济体,可以得到跨越“中等收入陷阱”正反两方面案例。

马晓河表示,巴西陷入“中等收入陷阱”时间比较长,主要原因就是巴西工业化战略选择不恰当,重化工业优先发展,还出现了长期通胀、过度城市化等弊端。而从成功跨越“中等收入陷阱”的日本、韩国来看,它们一是实现了需求结构成功转化,建立了以消费为主导的社会,二是产业结构也从过去的中低端向技术密集、资本密集、高附加值产出为主导发展的转型。

传统产业优势丧失,而新兴产业动能不能接续,这是导致增长停滞从而落入“陷阱”的根源。几年来,中国经济引擎实现成功换挡,继续保持中高速增长。从发展阶段和发展条件来看,中国现在达到的发展水平远高于当年拉美国家落入“中等收入陷阱”时的发展水平。

“中国要从要素驱动转向创新驱动,既要继续充分利用后发优势,更要创造先发优势。”胡鞍钢认为,只有当中等收入国家的全要素生产率相对于美国实现追赶时,才有可能跨越中等收入阶段。

如何启动跨越“陷阱”的新引擎

中国经济的供给侧结构性改革正在稳步推进,而成功换挡的经济增长新引擎已经启动。

摩根士丹利的中国经济蓝皮书提到,在由高投资转向高消费、由制造业转向服务业的大背景下,中国经济也正一步步向价值链上游迈进。在电信设备、能源设施、铁路、船舶制造为代表的重工业领域中,中国企业已可媲美甚至反超发达国家的竞争对手;而高附加值的中国制造,譬如个人电脑和智能手机,业已大量销往海外,占据中国出口总额的半壁江山。

“中国正在采取各方面措施,使经济能够实现由数量追赶向质量追赶的转型。这一深刻转型,将使中国跨越中等收入阶段,进入高收入社会。”中国发展研究基金会副理事长刘世锦说。

蓝皮书认为,中国拥有世界上任何一个追赶型国家所不具备的市场规模优势,这一群体消费升级必然会带来服务业的巨大增量需求;其次,中国巨大的人口规模与收入分配差距,也意味着制造业在转型升级时拥有一个过渡市场,低端与中高端需求共存,这为制造业提供了一个缓冲期,这也是其他以出口为导向的经济体所不具有的优势。

在经济学家阿马蒂亚·森看来,“中等收入陷阱”这一担忧在中国并不存在。“1983年开始,我每年都会来中国。我发现,中国的发展趋势相对于其他国家来说是没有先例的。中国经济未来的增长不是问题,消费率还可以进一步提升,在很多方面会引领全球的发展。”

“将来回头看,‘中等收入陷阱’对许多国家特别是那些照搬照抄西方经验的国家是真命题,但对中国而言一定是伪命题。”胡鞍钢认为。

(本报记者 邱玥)

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