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滥用相对优势地位 监管缺位致电商平台任性“二选一”

2017-06-23 13:24:11   法制日报

□ 本报记者 万静

“二选一”,对于中国网民来讲,似乎成了“胸口永远的痛”。早在7年前的3Q大战中,网络用户被逼在360安全软件和QQ聊天软件中“二选一”。而最近几年,天猫和京东两个电商平台在“双11”“618”等网络购物节的竞争中,也频频出招逼商家“二选一”。

刚刚过去的“618”电商全民年中购物节前夕,这一现象再次重演。“二选一”符合竞争规则吗?符合商业道德吗?该如何规制?6月17日,中国政法大学竞争法研究中心组织召开“电商平台相关法律问题”研讨会,与会专家呼吁:“二选一”属于不正当竞争,执法机关不能坐视不管;滥用相对优势地位应该禁止,反垄断法应尽快完善相关制度。

规章明确禁止却不见执法

由国家工商总局制定并于2015年10月1日起施行的《网络商品和服务集中促销活动管理暂行规定》,明确禁止“二选一”行为。该暂行规定第十一条规定,网络集中促销组织者不得限制、排斥平台内的网络集中促销经营者参加其他第三方交易平台组织的促销活动。

中国政法大学知识产权研究中心特约研究员李俊慧分析,之所以“二选一”涉嫌违法或违规,究其根源在于:一方面,从商家的经营来看,“二选一”涉嫌侵害了商家的自主经营权;另一方面,侵害了平台间的公平竞争,并最终可能对消费者权益或公共利益造成伤害。

该规章出台后,经历了2015年的“双11”,2016年的“618”“双11”和今年的“618”等电商平台发起的集中促销活动,虽然每次“二选一”都在上演,但没有看到执法部门对此现象进行查处,也没有看到执法机关的警示性约谈,一任两大电商平台任性地威逼、诱惑商家选边站队。

“对于频发的‘二选一’现象,监管机构不能缺位。”竞争法专家、中国政法大学教授时建中说,他同时也是国务院反垄断委员会专家组咨询成员。

时建中分析,“二选一”看上去是一个在特定促销时期的商业竞争手段,但如果每逢“双11”或者“618”,年复一年地出现电商迫使商家“二选一”这种现象,说明这一问题并没有得到制度化的解决,存在监管缺位的问题。电商的竞争,需要倡导和践行优质的竞争文化,而不是要把竞争文化恶质化。从这个意义上讲,监管机构不应成为消极的旁观者。

反不正当竞争法试图禁止

监管者何以失声?北京市律师协会竞争与反垄断法律专业委员会主任魏士廪分析,这其中有两方面的原因,一方面是国家工商总局出台的上述规定法律位阶太低,属于行政部门规章,以部门规章对“二选一”进行限制,其在实践中的执行力度不会太乐观。另一方面,既有技术原因,如取证、认定等,也有执法人员主观的因素。

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