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评论:美丽乡村建设不能生搬城市套路

2017-05-18 12:00:20   

【文化评析】

日前,福建省公布了一批美丽乡村建设的负面案例。这些案例中,有的在乡村修建大亭子、大牌坊、大公园、大广场等形象工程;有的照搬城市模式,脱离乡村实际,种植园艺植物、硬化道路;有的破坏乡村风貌和自然生态。这些并非个案、孤例,在不少地方都不同程度地存在,应该举一反三,引起警惕。

由于自然环境、历史沿革、生产生活方式、人们思想观念等方面存在很大差异,乡村和城市是异质程度很高的两种社会形态和文明形态。乡村建设要尊重乡村的本质属性,要遵从乡村社会的特有规律办事。如果美丽乡村建设变成一种来自城市的异质力量,按照城市、城镇的模式,颠覆性地改变乡村的原有格局,甚至以主观臆想代替客观实际,最终建成的可能就不是“美丽乡村”,而是“不乡不城”、不舒适也不美丽的城乡杂糅体。

与城市、城镇的规划不同,“聚族而居”是乡村主要的居住形态。人们按照家庭、家族、宗族、姓氏为纽带形成居住群落,以此奠定乡村社会形态和生活方式的基础。在“聚族而居”的居住地选择方面,乡村地区往往会形成比较独特的生活传统。比如在南方的许多山区乡村,“背山面水”是房屋选址的基本原则。南方气候炎热,在山脚地带或者山坡上建房,因地势较高,可得干燥高爽、日照充足和空气流通之利。临近水源,又便于村民日常生活起居的汲水炊饮。这种居住形态不仅科学宜居,而且房屋错落在山水之间,与自然环境浑然一体,具有独特的美感。如果生搬硬套城市的居住模式,在平坦地带集中盖房、集中居住,那么就不但浪费了宝贵的平地资源,也违背了乡村社会的本质属性,进而破坏乡村独有的社会和文化生态,有违建设美丽乡村的初衷。

建设美丽乡村并没有统一的标准和答案。各地在摸索创新中,已经总结出行之有效的几大模式。总体来看,都是在尊重乡村原有格局的基础上,对乡村的自然生态、居住环境、生活条件进行优化美化,使之更加科学合理、优美整洁,使乡村焕发美丽新貌。

当然,不同之中也有普遍规律。对于各地乡村普遍面临的一些问题,应该以美丽乡村建设为契机,着重解决。生态环境、景观美感和社会治安,是各地在美丽乡村建设中应该优先关注的内容。因地制宜解决好这些问题,强化农村精神文明建设,切实保护好传统乡村风貌,进一步增强农民的获得感,让农家生活越来越好,让城里人感受到新农村不是城市的翻版,而是别有风格、更具韵味的田园,应是美丽乡村建设的题中应有之义。

美丽乡村建设具有很大的难度和复杂性。但只要不回避问题,在总结过往经验和教训的基础上,勇于探索、善于创新,就一定能走出更富成效的建设新路。

(作者:封寿炎)

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