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专家:“一带一路”将促进全球发展成果共享

2017-05-08 13:06:06   中国经济网

原标题:专家:“一带一路”将促进全球发展成果共享

全球范围内的均衡发展,比单纯实现经济增长更为复杂。因为这不仅涉及到全球宏观经济层面的全局性优化,也与中观或微观层面的产业结构变迁、就业及居民收入增长等问题息息相关。在中国改革开放过程中,在实现人民群众共享发展成果方面走在了世界的前列,也积累了非常宝贵的经验。“一带一路”倡议包含了开放、包容、普惠和共享等重要理念,既是全球各国发展的迫切期待,又是中国经验和智慧的全球共享,这将为实现全球范围内的均衡发展提供新的模式。

“一带一路”推动全球经济再平衡

全球范围内的二元经济发展难以为继成为全球经济失衡的重要表现。一方面,广大发展中国家仍然有大量人口从事农业生产,而随着人口增长,劳动力资源明显过剩,但却缺乏足够的制造业岗位予以吸纳;另一方面,发达国家出现了资本过剩,据联合国贸发会议(UNCTAD)统计,目前发达国家跨国企业集聚了超过6万亿美元的资金,形成了跨国直接投资的“堰塞湖”。这种资源错配导致了发展中国家的生产和工业化进程、发达国家的投资和消费活动陷入停滞,从而在供给侧和需求侧对全球经济发展形成双重制约。

回顾历史,西方国家在全球推行“华盛顿共识”过程中,很多发展中国家在世界银行、国际货币基金组织等机构的施压下,快速采取“小政府”、私有化等政策,放弃了在当时不具备比较优势的众多产业。而在此之后,很多发展中国家发现,融入资本主义世界经济体系的结果,是大量出口能矿资源和初级产品,很难积累资本形成工业体系。同时,由于其政府缺乏必要的社会动员组织能力,大规模基础设施建设也难以开展。

在面对全球经济失衡局面时,西方国家跨国企业由于其资本主导的特性,普遍采取了“紧缩银根”的做法。2014年以来,发达国家大型跨国公司大都通过全球重组和并购大量回流资金,导致发展中国家近年来用以增加生产的外国绿地投资大量减少。从投资回报角度考虑,西方跨国公司的做法并无可厚非,但这样做却只能进一步加剧全球经济的不平衡,从而引发更深远的经济危机。

反观中国,在整个改革开放过程中,对于暂时“不具有比较优势”的重工业体系采取了适度保护的措施,同时鼓励出口导向产业发展。这样不仅维持社会稳定,也在经济发展到一定程度时具备了更为全面的产业竞争优势,从而支撑了中国经济的可持续发展。更为重要的是,中国具备大规模兴建基础设施所必要的组织动员能力和工业支撑体系,这为中国持续提高国际竞争力提供了重要基础。在广大发展中国家普遍缺乏工业化基础和基础设施建设能力的背景下,中国的“一带一路”倡议在推动全球经济再平衡方面将发挥举足轻重的作用。

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