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一季度财政支大于收 评:与财政赤字不能简单关联

2017-05-05 11:35:47   

才 道

季度财政收支不平衡,无论是收大于支还是支大于收,都是正常现象,和财政赤字不能简单关联

短时间内的收支差距很难说明问题,只有从年度来考察收支的对比关系,才能比较科学地对财政运行情况作出评价

财政部日前发布的数据显示,一季度全国一般公共预算支出比收入多出1551亿元,而往年一季度通常是收大于支。首季财政意外出现“赤字”令人关注,有人甚至因此预计我国今年可能突破全国人大通过的3%赤字率。

实际上,季度财政收支不平衡,无论是收大于支还是支大于收,都是正常现象,和财政赤字不能简单关联。

从理论研究和各国实践看,赤字是作为年度指标来考察的,财政赤字就是一年中国家财政支出超过收入的部分,赤字规模占国内生产总值的比重就是赤字率。

赤字为什么要以年度来考察?因为对财政收支运行而言,每日、每月、每季可能波动较大,这种短时间内的收支差距很难说明问题。只有从年度来考察收支的对比关系,才能比较科学地对财政运行情况作出评价。

一季度收支受关注的重要原因在于往年很少出现支大于收。需要看到的是,财政收入、支出受很多因素影响,在一年中很难平均分布。今年我国强调财政政策要更加积极有效,适当加大支出力度与进度是题中应有之义。数据显示,从1月份开始,中央就加大对地方税收返还和转移支付力度;同时,今年预算批复下达进度比往年进一步加快。因此,出现了往年一季度“罕见”的支大于收。

在财政运行中,略有结余和略有赤字都应视为基本平衡。客观地说,如果在一个季度内,收支差距十分悬殊,难免显得异常。但从今年一季度情况看,收入和支出都达4万多亿元,支出大于收入1551亿元,显然差距并不算大。

由此可见,一季度的支大于收属于正常现象。由此断言今年赤字率将被突破,也是没有根据的。

根据全国人大通过的预算报告,今年赤字率按3%安排,财政赤字2.38万亿元,比去年增加2000亿元。这个赤字率虽然和2016年持平,但赤字规模随着经济总量基数增加而扩大,体现了更加积极有效的财政政策取向。

同时,3%的赤字率也体现了防范财政风险的稳妥考虑。与世界主要经济体相比,我国赤字率较低,政府债务风险总体可控。但我们也必须关注一些地方存在的债务风险,不能把赤字率定得过高,避免债务余额持续过快增长,加大财政风险。

从总体上看,3%的赤字率是积极稳妥的。近年来,我国坚持通过深化改革创新做好稳增长、促改革、调结构、惠民生、防风险各项工作,不搞“大水漫灌”式的强刺激,不依赖大规模扩大赤字。在财政政策方面,更多的是通过减税降费、激发市场活力等来实现政策目标。

扩大赤字能够增加政府支出、拉动经济,但对赤字形成的债务也要有充分认识。当前,防范和化解财政金融风险是一项重要工作,要合理安排财政赤字,用好赤字、加强债务管理。同时,要确保财政政策更加积极有效,要注重从多方面发力,尤其是进一步加大减税降费力度,更好助力企业降成本。为保障支出刚性增长的需要,应更加注重优化结构、用好增量、激活存量,着力改变支出项目只增不减的固化格局。

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