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拿什么拯救中华鲟? 全人工繁殖技术+保护长江生态

2017-05-02 16:34:38   

右上图 中华鲟研究所第59次中华鲟放流活动4月8日在湖北省宜昌市长江珍稀鱼类放流点举行。图为一名小志愿者正在放流中华鲟。 本报记者 刘 慧摄

左下图 在放流活动中,孩子们用画笔描绘出对中华鲟和长江“母亲河”的爱与憧憬,图为参观者冒雨参观画展。本报记者 刘 慧摄

在烟雨迷蒙的长江流域,4月8日上午10时,从湖北省宜昌江段放流的500尾大规格中华鲟随波逐流,奋力向长江下游游去。根据声呐监测显示,截至4月23日18点32分,靖江已监测到本次放流中华鲟1尾。靖江距离放流点1506.04公里。该站点为本次放流的最后一个自动监测站点,距离崇明岛河口178公里。专家认为,如果不出意外,这条中华鲟现在应该入海了。这些放归的中华鲟对自然种群具有十分重要的补充作用。

  全人工繁殖技术:

  中华鲟永续保护成可能

中华鲟是我国长江流域特有的古老珍稀鱼类,生在长江,长在大海。

此次前来参与放流的志愿者聚集在放流池边,用不同的方式与中华鲟作着告别,有的用手抚摸着中华鲟,有的抱着中华鲟合影,有的甚至与中华鲟来个亲吻。

一位工作人员告诉《经济日报》记者,为了保护中华鲟,中华鲟研究所自1984年开始放流活动,至今已累计放流59次,累计向长江放流多种规格的中华鲟500多万尾。今年放流的中华鲟是2011年至2014年出生的子二代,最大的已有6龄,最小的也已经有3龄,平均体长110厘米,平均单体重量达到5.5千克,平均体重是历年放流之最。2011年以来,仅大规格的子二代中华鲟已累计放流达17500尾。

中华鲟被称为“鱼类活化石”“水中大熊猫”,体形庞大,成鱼体长可达5米,体重可达1000斤,它曾和恐龙并存,也就是说,恐龙生活的时代中华鲟就已存在。近年来,由于生态环境的改变及人类活动的影响,中华鲟野生种群数量逐渐下降,整个物种的生存受到了严重威胁。1988年,中华鲟被列为国家一级保护动物,2010年被IUCN(世界自然保护联盟)列为濒危物种。

中华鲟全人工繁殖技术的突破是30多年护“鲟”路上最具有里程碑意义的事件。我国早在1982年就开始中华鲟人工繁殖研究工作,1983年获得成功。2009年,中国三峡集团中华鲟研究所经催产繁殖获得了子二代中华鲟鱼苗。该技术就是在中华鲟全人工繁殖中,把捕捞到的野生中华鲟亲鱼通过人工繁殖出的子一代再次进行繁殖而获得二代中华鲟。这项技术解决了中华鲟人工保种难题,让中华鲟永续保存成为可能。之后该所连续攻克性腺诱导、营养调控、雌雄同步、催产掌控、鱼苗培育、再次成熟6大难关,实现了中华鲟全人工繁殖体系的全面成熟。为了避免近亲繁殖,科研人员对全部子一代中华鲟后备梯队进行了DNA检测,采用全序列分析技术,建立了遗传谱系,对中华鲟梯队实施了种群管理,采取最科学的组合进行繁殖,不断提高人工种群的遗传多样性。

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