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“死亡税率”有失偏颇,税收效率有待提高

2016-12-23 16:55:42   

原标题:“死亡税率”有失偏颇,税收效率有待提高

谭浩俊

日前,有媒体相继报道“死亡税率”问题,认为税负过重严重影响企业生存空间,是导致经济下行压力的主要原因。财政部及国家税务总局相关负责人分别发表署名文章,对此问题进行了回应,认为“死亡税率”之说严重误导了社会公众。我国宏观税负近些年来一直稳中有降,特别是一系列减税降负措施的陆续出台,企业的税负大大减轻。(相关报道见A18版)

中国目前的税负是不是达到了“死亡税率”的地步,这样的税负是否会引发制造企业的“跑路潮”,这个问题必须引起高度重视。用“死亡税率”来形容目前的税负问题,有失偏颇。因为,按照相关数据,我国的企业税负确实没有达到某些分析所反映的那样,即便按照大口径计算,我国的宏观税负也就在30%左右,低于发达国家平均水平42.8%,也低于发展中国家平均水平33.4%。但是,如果按照企业的实际负担来看,却又存在“死亡成本”的现象。这其中税收负担只是一个方面,且不是主要方面。除税收之外,融资成本、制度交易成本、收费、罚款等,也都是企业负担不可忽视的方面。特别是制度交易成本、收费、罚款等,按照国外的计算口径,很多也可列入到“税负”范围之内。企业的实际负担远高于税收负担,把税负称作“死亡税率”,确实有失偏颇。

税收形成以后,如何分配、如何使用也直接关系到舆论对税负是否与“死亡”挂钩的认识,关系到企业成本能否降低、负担能否减轻。在现行的企业运行成本中,相当一部分与财政资金分配不合理、使用效率不高有关,与财政资金没有用到刀刃上有关。譬如教育、医疗、卫生、公共设施、社会福利等方面的投入,如果财政资金有较好保障,企业负担就能减轻,对税收的“敏感性”就会减弱。又如某些制度方面的项目,如果财政在资金安排时就充分考虑到这些方面的问题,而不是随意设置门槛和收费,这方面的成本也能大大降低。再如一些执法机关的罚款、摊派等,如果财政资金安排能够满足需要,罚款、摊派等就能减少,企业负担也能降低。正是因为财政资金的分配和使用不够合理,没有真正把钱用到刀刃上,才导致企业运行成本上升,导致企业对税负的“敏感度”增强。一旦有不同的声音,就会立即形成一股浪潮。“死亡税率”如此受关注,最根本的原因就在于此。

面对“死亡税率”概念的出现,除了通过列举各种数据进行正面回应、引导舆论客观公正对待税负问题之外,对“死亡税率”背后反映出来的“死亡成本”问题,也应当引起足够重视。中央提出的“五大任务”中的降成本,实际就是看到了企业在运行过程中的成本过高问题。不仅如此,还点出了成本过高的具体内容。

显然,成本过高才是目前最急需解决的问题。税负只是成本问题的一个方面,且不是最主要方面。税负问题之所以变得越来越敏感,就在于企业的运行成本已经高得让多数企业难以承受。而在企业看来,不管是哪些方面产生的权力性成本,都可以与税收划等号,这才是更加需要关注的问题。特别在宏观经济形势不佳、企业运行困难的情况下,更应当站在企业利益的一边,出台一些有利于企业发展的意见和政策,而不是仅仅对外界的不同意见做出回应。尤其需要注意的是,在财政资金的分配和使用方面,应当更加重视效率,重视资金的投向合理。否则,“死亡税率”的概念会被越来越多的人接受。

财税部门在税费征管过程中能否做到依法、规范征收,能否合理的用好税收减免手段,能否在税收政策的设计方面更加科学合理,能否做到该收的全收、该减免的全部减免到位、该处罚的坚决处罚,从而增强税收的科学性、规范性、强制性和合理性,也是舆论和公众能否正确对待税负问题的重要方面。

(责编:孙红丽、伍振国)

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