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德国大选稳中有变,未来不确定性或可掀波澜

2017-09-21 13:57:21   国际在线

相较于英国退欧公投和美国大选的出人意料,以及荷兰与法国大选的惊险激烈,这个周末即将见分晓的德国大选似乎平静得甚至有些沉闷无聊。当然这绝不是因为这场在世界第四经济强国和欧盟核心大国上演的选举不太重要,而是因为在近几个月的民调中默克尔稳定地保持着大幅领先优势。绝大多数预测都认为,如果没有恐怖袭击、难民危机或是欧元区动荡等突发危机的情况下,默克尔将领导中右翼联盟党维持议会第一大党地位,赢得组阁的权力,蝉联德国总理的宝座。

 稳中有变的政治生态

默克尔在德国连续执政十二年,很多德国人亲切地称呼她为“妈咪”(Mutti)。她谋求连任最大资本是德国优秀的经济表现。特别是在全球金融危机爆发后,默克尔治下的德国依然维持了强劲的经济和出口增长,有效地控制了失业率和财政赤字。2014年以来德国接连实现财政盈余,2016年失业率降至5.7%的历史低点。

  德国总理默克尔出席竞选集会

但是2015年默克尔的难民欢迎政策在政治联盟内外引起了巨大的争议。短期内上百万的难民大量涌入德国和欧盟,同时对难民融入可能带来的经济社会问题,以及与恐怖主义相关的国内安全问题估计和准备不足,这导致接近60%的选民对默克尔的难民政策表示不大满意或很不满意,成为民心思变的重要因素。

第二大党社民党一定程度上迎合了民众的求变心态。今年1月份社民党选择了欧洲议会前议长舒尔茨作为总理候选人,其民调支持率一度超越默克尔,给大选增添了悬念。不过这股“舒尔茨旋风”并没有维持太久。一方面是由于舒尔茨作为总理候选人本身的缺陷造成的。德国的主流媒体并不喜欢他,称他为“政治正确的民粹主义分子”、“聪明的机会主义者”,质疑他长期服务于欧盟机构,缺乏国内执政经验。更致命的批评是,在重要的内政和外交问题上舒尔茨观点前后矛盾,空话连篇,不可信赖。

舒尔茨的失势也反映了社民党存在的深刻困境。1998年至2005年执政的社民党总理施罗德面对增长缓慢和失业高企的问题,选择了中间道路。在社会公正和经济效率之间他倾向后者,推动了旨在削减社会福利和增强劳动市场活力的“2010议程”改革方案。这导致社民党失去大量的工人选民,并造成政党分裂。趁势上台的中右翼联盟党摘取了改革的果实,和左翼党、绿党在左右两侧不断侵蚀社民党的选民基础。加之默克尔执政期间,社民党前后八年作为议会第二大党和联盟党组成大联盟政府,政党身份模糊化,既难以明确执政成绩与联盟党争取中间选民,也难用反对党的身份吸引边缘左翼支持。因此,社民党的选票从上世纪末的40%一路跌落至现在的20%出头。尽管舒尔茨试图剑指“2010议程”,但九月初那场过分平静的电视辩论充分体现出不管是在经济、社会还是外交政策,两党的政治分歧如此之小。

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