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语文课本中不能没有鲁迅

2017-09-21 07:52:19   央广网

我不是鲁迅研究者,也不是语文教师。因此我谈鲁迅语文教学,可能说不到点子上,但与鲁迅也有点关系。

1981年,我与杭州学军中学原校长俞芳、原杭州大学金锵教授共同编写了《鲁迅教育思想与实践》一书。俞芳校长和金锵教授访问了10多名当时还健在的鲁迅的学生。现在这些学生都已过世了,这份材料很有史料价值。近年来,我相继编了《鲁迅作品里的教育》和《鲁迅教育文存》。但我只是在鲁迅著作中寻觅鲁迅的教育思想,对鲁迅没有全面深入的研究,对于在中小学如何讲授鲁迅的作品,更是外行,所以我只能谈一点初浅的感想。

先从语文的功能说起。这个问题历来有争议,语文教学是强调它的工具性还是强调它的文化性?现在这个争论好像基本上平息了,特别是新课标出来以后,强调不仅要传授知识、培养能力,而且要培养学生的情感和态度。但在实际教学中,这个问题还会表现出来。

语言是人们交流的工具,语文当然要教学生能听能说能写、能与人交流,但交流总要有内容,内容就反映了一定的文化。因此语文还有传承文化的功能。上个世纪50年代初,我们曾经一度学习苏联,把语言和文学分开了,后来感觉到不对,不符合我国语文教学的传统,又合起来了。俄语很特别,它有性别的要求,还有6个格,主格、受格、所有格等等,很麻烦,要特别进行语法教学。但是他们非常重视文学课,认为文学传承文化,俄语是传承俄罗斯文学的重要途径。讲一个小故事,上世纪50年代,我在苏联留学,有一次到书店买书,旁边一个老太太手里拿着一本书,问我书的封面上的画是谁画的,内容是什么?我答不出来。她训了我一顿,说:“我们的中学生都知道,可你还是大学生呢!”

我国语文教学是合在一起,从范文中学语言文法。新中国成立前,我们学语文不教语法。什么主语宾语,都是学英语时才讲到。我国语文课历来重视范文,通过范文,不仅学到了语文知识,而且学到了中国的文学艺术的历史脉络,知道古代有四书五经,有唐诗、宋词、元曲、明清小说等。

我讲这些是想告诉大家,中小学语文课本中为什么一定要有鲁迅的作品。因为鲁迅代表了一个时代,代表了一个时代的文化。就像唐诗中如果缺了李白、杜甫,就缺了那个时代的文学。中学语文教材中不能没有鲁迅。鲁迅生活的时代是中国半封建半殖民地的时代,是在全面抗日战争爆发的前夕。鲁迅唤醒民众的呼声,是民族的心声。所以他死后,民众在他的灵柩上盖上民族魂的旗帜。

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