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建立科学合理的儿童分级阅读

2017-09-12 08:08:22   央广网

作者:保冬妮

随着新学期的开始,分级阅读的话题又一次进入公众视野。分级阅读,是阅读推广界一个并不新鲜的话题。在出版界,常常借由分级阅读,来制定出版方案和营销策略。到底什么是分级阅读?它到底有没有意义?

分级阅读,从理论上来说,是按照少年儿童不同年龄段的智力和心理发育程度为儿童提供科学的阅读计划,为不同孩子提供不同的读物,提供科学性和有针对性的阅读图书。英美等国制定了严格的儿童读物分级制,按3~6岁、6~9岁、9~12岁进行分级。当然国外的分级阅读并非只有一套标准,分别根据年级、年龄、儿童阅读水平来划分的体系非常多,其中针对语言能力的提高而设计的“蓝思专业进阶计划”被认可度较高,这一体系帮助读者了解自己的语言水平,并据此去寻找难度适中的读物。

如果按照心理学和儿童发展的科学来判断儿童阅读分级必要性的话,笔者认为,年龄越小越适用。特别是婴幼儿阶段,分级阅读是十分必要的。因为儿童的身心差异太大了,特别是婴儿时期,差一个月两个月就会有明显的认知上的不同,如果不分级,容易造成阅读压力,让儿童丧失对阅读的兴趣和信心。3岁以下由于语言能力的局限、理解力的限制,给他们提供的图画书不需要复杂的逻辑关系,因为他们很难理解,而色彩的大色块以及没有复杂背景的画面才适合他们的视觉空间水平。

针对3~6岁的儿童提供的阅读文本,主要建构他们对世界和自身的进一步认识和了解,随着语言发育高峰的到来,孩子们的阅读文本比0~3岁要复杂和多元化,感受性和实践性的阅读拓展逐渐增多,这是与孩子这个年龄段的社会性发展相一致的。

从阅读实践出发,7岁以后的阅读,视儿童在6岁前阅读习惯的建立与否,阅读水平开始逐渐拉开距离。也就是从这个时期开始,很多阅读专家反对分级阅读,觉得分级会限制大部分阅读能力强的孩子,因为小学中高年级的自主阅读中,能力强的孩子,阅读的文本已经与成人大致相同。如果这时候,孩子受限于分级阅读,那么这类少年群体,明显会感觉到阅读量和阅读文本都不适合自己了。

科学适度的分级阅读是合理的,特别针对6岁以下的婴幼儿是必需的。至于7岁以上的少年儿童,可以因人而异、因地区或家庭而异,不必做出一刀切的机械要求。毕竟,阅读是一种差异化的行为。少年儿童阅读需要成人的引领和指导,我们在各种平台为孩子提供更多的阅读辅导、共享分享,把优秀的图书介绍给孩子们,让不同阅读阶段的孩子都能享受阅读的乐趣,这才是我们应该做的。

(作者:保冬妮,系儿童文学作家)

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