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美国决定增兵阿富汗背后有何战略意图

2017-09-08 15:36:53   国际在线

美国参谋长联席会议主席约瑟夫·邓福德

据路透社9月7日报道,美国防部长马蒂斯与参谋长联席会议主席约瑟夫·邓福德在闭门会议中决定,将向阿富汗增派3500名士兵。而在此之前,马蒂斯宣布已经签署向阿富汗增兵的命令,并称此举将使阿富汗部队能更加有效地作战。

阿富汗战争是美国历史上耗时最长的一场对外战争,从2001年至今已有16年,而且仍然没有结束的迹象。对此,美国国内支持者与反对者也一直争吵不断。特朗普在竞选时承诺从阿富汗撤军,但此次美国一反初期撤军思路,最终决定增兵,究竟是出于什么战略意图,能否达到预期的战略目标?

首先,加大对恐怖主义的打击力度,巩固阿富汗政权的稳定。美国发动阿富汗战争的一个重要借口就是打击恐怖主义。但16年过去了,阿富汗安全局势持续恶化,各类安全事件层出不穷。活跃在阿境内外的各类恐怖组织、反政府武装、走私贩毒团伙等迅速壮大,特别是极端组织“伊斯兰国”(IS)势力也乘虚而入,通过多种方式对阿富汗政府发动攻击,组织实施了多起重大恐怖袭击行动。而阿富汗安全部队的自主作战能力明显不足,不仅兵员招募无法达标,而且人员畏战情绪也非常浓厚。在这种情况下,美国认为,如果放任各种极端组织、恐怖团伙继续嚣张坐大,那么就有可能直接影响到阿富汗民众对现政府的信心,从而导致目前亲美的加尼政府垮台。

为此,美军做出向阿富汗增兵的决定,其目的主要就是为了帮助阿富汗政府反恐、平叛、巩固政权,应对塔利班武装分子卷土重来和“伊斯兰国”恐怖组织不断渗透的问题,同时也是想在最危急的时刻去争取阿富汗的民心,为加尼政府撑腰。

其次,加大对中亚地区的争夺力度,增强在该地区的影响力。中亚地区长期是大国利益交织和重叠的地方,被美国地缘战略家布热津斯基称作欧亚大陆的“巴尔干”,即全球“大棋局”的“内核”。而阿富汗处于东亚连接南亚、贯通西亚和中东地区的中枢地带,是进入中亚地区的重要门户,战略地理位置十分重要。2001年,美国以“9.11”事件为口实,兴师阿富汗,其目的就是要借机控制这一重要战略要地,实现美国在这一地区长期的势力存在。但是,自2014年奥巴马从阿富汗撤军以后,美国在阿富汗的政治影响力开始下降。特朗普上台以来,多次表示重视中亚及中东地区的战略价值。此次美军在面对已经进行了16年之久却成效不彰的战争后,开始大举增兵,从某种程度上还是看重阿富汗的地缘战略价值,为其未来在该地区的战略博弈提前布局。

最后,遏制潜在竞争对手,为保障全球利益打下坚实基础。长期以来,美国一直致力于推动建设以其为首的单极世界,以实现称霸世界主宰全球的目标。阿富汗既是大国利益的交汇处和大国竞相角逐的场所,又是横亘在大国之间的缓冲地带,其重要的战略位置和丰富的战略资源已经成为各种力量的“角斗场”,美国只有有效控制这一核心地带,才能保证对整个欧亚大陆的控制,从而维护美国的全球霸权。如果美国能够控制阿富汗,就如同在此枢纽上打入了一个楔子,不但能够逐步控制中亚地区,而且还能够压迫俄罗斯的战略空间,防止其再度崛起,同时还可以牵制正在崛起中的中国,并对伊朗构成军事压力,成为其加强中东战略的重要补充。预计未来一段时间,美国仍将会通过各种途径极力控制阿富汗局势,不断拓展阿富汗的驻军规模,从而保障其全球战略利益的实现。

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