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圆明园千亩荷塘不耗一滴新水

2017-09-08 08:32:28   央广网

蓝天白云映衬得圆明园遗址公园内的水面格外透亮清澈。

湖水透亮清澈,寸长的小鱼在荷花荷叶间自在穿梭。盛夏时节,这样的景致在圆明园遗址公园随处可见。但很少有市民知道,如此秀丽的荷塘全靠每年900万立方米再生水当家,不需耗费一滴新水。

圆明园西北角,寒山是整个景区的制高点,清澈的西长河擦着山脚蜿蜒流过。

正值夏末秋初,河边草木仍翠绿葱茏。蹲下细瞧,一孔半米见方的涵洞正源源不断把清水送入西长河,四五米开外,数不清的白条鱼正逆流而上,活泼欢实。“这可不是自来水,而是经过处理后的再生水。”圆明园生态科的刘晓东说,每天都有将近3万立方米再生水被引入园子,它们来自7公里外的清河再生水厂。由于使用了生物菌、超滤膜等先进的净化技术,水质稳定在地表水Ⅳ类标准。

再生水自西长河入园,要流经鉴碧亭、凤麟洲、松风萝月、曲院风荷、前湖、后湖等水面,在园子里转上整整一圈。据介绍,圆明园超过1/3的面积都是水面,约121公顷,全部使用再生水,每年总共需补水900万立方米。每到盛夏,超过千亩的大荷塘、总共200多种荷花竞相开放,都靠再生水滋养。

在圆明园,水的灵气无处不在。但2007年之前,这里却是另一番景象。

当时,圆明园只能在春秋两季得到京密引水渠的清水补给,根本无法保障景观用水。一位家住附近的市民告诉记者,每年入冬以后,除了福田景区,其他的地儿都是干的。还有的景区一年到头也见不到水面。“瞧现在多美啊,有水气儿才灵!”这位市民感叹道。

与新水相比,再生水更容易导致水体富营养化。恢复了水韵的圆明园,又该如何保持水体的自净能力呢?

走进廓然大公景区,站在小桥上往下望,还能看到水底的“沉水植物森林”!始建于康熙初年的廓然大公,在去年完成了水生态修复,春季的青苔、夏季的水华都得到了有效控制,8000平方米水面恢复清澈。

“控制富营养化,关键是塑造一个完整的水生态系统。”圆明园生态科高级工程师周凤娴说,水生态系统中既包括动物、植物,也包括微生物。为了使其达到动态平衡,工作人员会定期投放苦草、眼子菜、依乐藻等沉水植物以及各种微生物、水生动物。如今,已经有近40万平方米水域完成了生态修复。

超过千亩的荷塘,也是防止水体富营养化的利器。乘船穿行荷塘,荷叶密匝匝铺满水面,像撑开的碧绿小伞,俏丽的荷花则掩映在叶子底下。“你发现没有,圆明园的荷塘与别处不同?”在工作人员的提醒下,记者才发现,这里的荷叶出水很高,根茎格外修长,有的居然接近3米,这正是因为吸收了水中的氮、磷。每年秋天,园区将对残荷进行收割,防止叶片、根茎中的氮、磷再次污染水体。

如今,圆明园的河流、湖泊中,总共发现了40种鱼类和120种水生植物,构成了完整、稳定的生态系统。(吴镝摄,记者 朱松梅)

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