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预防自杀,关键在于识别自杀先兆

2017-09-08 06:46:55   中国青年网

预防自杀,关键在于识别自杀先兆

袁天懿/文

近年来,“自杀”已成为一种不再罕见的社会现象。仅前两个月,就有美国林肯公园乐队主唱、台湾才女作家等知名人士自杀的消息见诸于新闻,与此同时,普通人群中也频繁发生青少年轻生事件。因此,在9月10日世界预防自杀日即将到来之际,我重点针对“预防”谈一谈。

导致自杀行为的心理机制可能包括婴幼儿期、童年期的创伤性经历、亲密关系的丧失、认同危机、生存恐惧、自我价值感的丧失等。而酿成自杀的主要原因则包括精神疾病、社会心理因素、人格缺陷、躯体疾病等。相关数据显示,在中国,农村自杀率高于城市,女性多于男性。自杀倾向及行为不仅影响个体生活质量,也使丧亲者承受巨大的悲痛,此外,还会造成涟漪效应,一个人自杀平均会使六个家人和朋友的生活深受影响。据统计,自杀死亡者的亲友中约有47%曾出现过自杀行为。

面对这样的现状,我认为,预防自杀的关键在于识别自杀先兆。想自杀的人可能在自杀前数天、数周或数月出现一些征兆,例如:

1.经常在言语或书面中流露出轻生念头,总是谈到或想到死亡;表示自己一事无成、没有希望或感到绝望;频繁谈及“离开”或说“再见”;

2.日渐严重的抑郁,感到极度挫败、羞耻或内疚;

3.突然的、出乎预料的由悲伤情绪转为平和安详,甚至表现出愉快的样子;

4.将至爱的物品送走;对过去在乎的事情失去兴趣;拜访或打电话与别人告别;把事情安排停当、整理要丢掉的东西、更改遗嘱;

5.专心考虑自杀的方法,寻求获得自杀的手段;作出一些失去理性或怪异的行为。

因此,当身边的人流露上述迹象时,我们就应给予更多的关心和关注。

当然,即使面临有人“威胁自杀”,妥善的应急处置也可避免悲剧发生。首先,保持冷静,不要让当事人单独一人呆着,不让其接触枪、刀、药等危险物品,寻求医院及其他专门机构的帮助;等待帮助的时候,一定要对当事人“洗耳恭听”,保持目光接触,对当事人问话,以了解其自杀方式以及是否真的是“有计划自杀”;如果当事人一旦实施自杀,应拨打急救电话,并尽可能实施现场急救。

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