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水污染的成因与污水处理方法

2017-09-08 03:56:42   中国青年网

水污染指的是由有害化学物质造成水的使用价值降低或丧失。污水中的酸、碱、氧化剂、铜、镉、汞、砷等化合物,苯、二氯乙烷、乙二醇等有机毒物,会毒死水生生物,影响饮用水源和风景区景观。污水中的有机物被微生物分解时消耗水中的氧,影响水生生物的生命,水中溶解氧耗尽后,有机物进行厌氧分解,产生硫化氢、硫醇等难闻气体,使水质进一步恶化。

除了大家熟知的部分工业生产、农业生产会导致污水排放外,在城市地区,大部分土地被屋顶、道路、停车场所覆盖,地面渗透性很差。下雨时,雨水遇到渗透性很差的地面,迫使它四处横流,在雨水横流过程中带走了大量的城市污染物。以往,这些雨水不经任何处理,直接通过城市的排水管道排放到当地的河流、湖泊中。

同时,在一些城市,降雨可能会造成另外一个令人头痛的问题———混合污水溢流。在雨季,污水和雨水同时排放,或者排放到污水处理厂的水量太多,远远超出其处理能力,多余的混合污水溢流物也可能在未经任何处理或仅进行一级处理的情况下直接排放到水域里,造成水质污染。

污水处理可分为物理法、生物法和化学法三种。物理法主要利用物理作用分离污水中的非溶解性物质,在处理过程中不改变化学性质。常用的有重力分离、离心分离、反渗透、气浮等。物理法适用于村镇水体。生物法利用微生物的新陈代谢功能,将污水中呈溶解或胶体状态的有机物分解氧化为稳定的无机物质,使污水得到净化。常用的有活性污泥法和生物膜法。生物法多用于处理工业废水。常用的有混凝法、中和法、氧化还原法、离子交换法等。化学处理法处理效果好、费用高,多用作生化处理后的出水,作进一步的处理,提高出水水质。

成都晚报记者 黄尚斐

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