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应对臭氧污染 我们可以更主动

2017-09-06 22:05:39   中国经济网

从9月1日起,广东启动了为期三个月的臭氧污染防治专项行动,加强对干洗、露天焚烧、餐饮油烟、露天烧烤,以及商用及家用溶剂产品挥发性有机物污染等生活面源的控制。记者了解到,今年上半年广东省空气质量污染源中,臭氧已取代PM2.5,成为全省空气首要污染物。

今年夏天以来,首要污染物为臭氧的报道频现,关于臭氧污染的危害更是众说纷纭,甚至有人将臭氧比作防不胜防的隐形杀手,那么我国臭氧污染水平到底如何,公众需如何应对臭氧污染,带着这些问题经济日报记者进行了采访。

我国臭氧污染有多严重

“受经济回暖和气象条件等因素影响,今年我国不少地区臭氧浓度有较大幅度上升。预计全年的全国平均浓度、超标城市数量、超标天数比例都将有所上升,但超标天次仍然以轻度污染为主。”环保部大气环境管理司司长刘炳江认为,从总体分析来看,这属于正常的年际波动。

我国现行标准规定的是臭氧日最大8小时平均浓度为160微克/立方米,这个标准接近美国等发达国家标准。根据监测数据,2016年我国338个地级以上城市的臭氧日最大8小时平均浓度第90百分位数在73-200微克/立方米之间,平均为138微克/立方米;其中,有71%的城市(239个)臭氧浓度为120-180微克/立方米,接近标准值。

从全年来看,2016年全国338个地级以上城市中有59个超标,主要分布在京津冀及周边地区、长三角区域、辽宁南部、武汉城市群、成渝地区、陕西关中等地区。

按日评价,去年338个城市的臭氧轻度、中度、重度污染天次比例分别为4.7%、0.4%、0.024%。“没有严重污染,更没有出现爆表,整体处于可控状态。” 刘炳江说。

再从发展趋势上看,刘炳江介绍,从2013年以来74个城市监测数据和2015年以来338个城市监测数据看,我国臭氧平均浓度有所上升,其中京津冀地区呈上升趋势,长三角地区基本稳定,珠三角总体达标。从2006年以来15个臭氧监测试点城市历史数据看,多数处于波动状态,未形成明显上升或下降趋势。

臭氧超标是怎么造成的呢?一般认为,石化工业、加油站、汽车尾气等排放的挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)和氮氧化物(NOx),在阳光照射的条件下,发生一系列光化学反应,生成以臭氧为主的光化学烟雾。与此同时,臭氧的生成增加大气氧化性,也会加速二次颗粒物的生成。尤其在6—9月阳光强烈的夏秋午后,一般是下午1点至4点,温度较高、相对湿度较低时,比较容易发生臭氧超标。此外,雷电等自然现象也会产生臭氧,还有少部分臭氧来自于平流层输入。

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