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西夏泥活字得以“复活”

2017-09-06 10:07:12   中国青年网

中国印刷博物馆武威分馆正式建成开馆

西夏泥活字的制作过程:印刷

西夏泥活字的发现与“复活”填补了我国泥活字版本的空白,在国际上为确立中国泥活字印刷的发明权提供了有力的实物佐证,为“活字印刷,源于中国”争取了话语权。8月31日,中国印刷博物馆武威分馆正式建成开馆,为人们提供了一个展示、弘扬中华优秀传统文化的窗口和平台。9月5日,记者进行了采访。

A

西夏泥活字填补了我国相关研究空白

中国印刷博物馆武威分馆设在“陇右学宫之冠”——文庙内,它前有状元桥、后有孔庙,武威活字印刷专题陈列馆便在历代文人墨客祭祀孔子之地的东西两侧。馆内不但追溯了中国的印刷史,还详细介绍了西夏泥活字的制作过程:打泥、制丁、刻字、烧字、排版、印刷。

1987年9月的一天,时任武威市博物馆副馆长的孙寿龄和同事在亥母洞寺遗址清理残存文物时,发现了西夏文佛经《维摩诘所说经》(下卷)。后经研究发现,《维摩诘所说经》具有“行距不直、笔划变形、着墨不均、偶有断笔”等活字印品独有的特征,与雕版印品有明显区别。孙寿龄经过无数个日夜的比对、辨析后判定:《维摩诘所说经》不仅是活字印刷品,而且是泥活字印刷品。为了证明自己的观点正确,孙寿龄运用《梦溪笔谈》中记述的方法,反复摸索实验,历经3年多时间,终于成功烧制出泥活字,复原了有6400多字的泥活字印本《维摩诘所说经》(下卷)。孙寿龄的研究成果得到了国内外文物专家和西夏文化研究专家的高度评价。国内学术界首先肯定了《维摩诘所说经》(下卷)是泥活字版本,联合国教科文组织对孙寿龄研究成果也给予了充分肯定。中国社科院研究员史金波称孙寿龄是“近代西夏文泥活字第一人”。2007年6月,孙寿龄的《泥活字的制作方法》获国家发明专利。

B

“活字印刷,源于中国”

记者在陈列馆内看到了《维摩诘所说经》(下卷)的完整印刷本,投影以及出土原件。根据介绍,佛教经卷《维摩诘所说经》(下卷)是武威西夏泥活字版本,系折叠长卷,共54面。面长28厘米,宽12厘米,每面7行,满17字,共计6400多字。西夏是我国西北地区以党项民族为主体建立的国家,在其建国的190多年间,创造了自己的本民族文字,被后人称其为“西夏文”。根据专家考证,西夏是泥活字佛经的印刷年代。为了迅速推行本民族创造的文化语言,西夏人采用和吸收了北宋毕昇发明的活字印刷技术,加快了本民族创造的语言文化的传播。因此,西夏文泥活字版本《维摩诘所说经》(下卷)的发现,是西夏民族用本民族语言文字采用活字印刷佛教的历史见证,是研究少数民族科技史的珍贵实物资料,也是我国早期活字印刷的第一手实物史料。

C

中国印刷博物馆武威分馆开馆迎客

在中国印刷博物馆武威分馆内,记者看到如下文字:“中国古代的印刷技术是人类文明长河中的明珠……从印章到石刻拓印,再到雕版的发明,活字印刷的出现,泥、木、石、金属等各种印刷材料的不断尝试和使用……中国古代印刷技艺在一次次的实践中不断丰富、完善和提高,人类文明的脚步在一次次的改变中不断加速、升华。”“北宋毕昇发明的泥活字仅限于文献记载,没有相应的实物证明,一度时期,人们对于是否有泥活字这一历史事实产生疑问。1987年,武威亥母洞西夏文泥活字印本实物的问世,无可辩驳地证明了中国毕昇发明泥活字的历史事实。”

也许,这就是中国印刷博物馆武威分馆成立的真正意义。

武威是中国旅游标志之都、国家历史文化名城,蕴藏着丰厚的历史文化遗存。中国印刷博物馆武威分馆开馆纳客,为展示世界上现存最早的泥活字印本——西夏泥活字印刷这一历史文化瑰宝,深化印刷文化研究搭建了一个更好的窗口和平台,它在捍卫祖国印刷术发明权的同时,又以“历史记忆”的形式留住了中国泥活字的“根”和“魂”。

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