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开向文艺复兴的俄罗斯文学专列

2017-09-05 04:26:48   中国青年网

林颐

世界上真的有天才吗?如果有,达·芬奇,肯定位列其中。

达·芬奇的故事,我愿意一读再读。比如历史小说《诸神复活》,我久闻其名,读它却是新近的事情,宛如老友重逢。有一段:小芬奇悄悄地从大床上爬起来,披了衣服,小心推开窗子遮板,攀着树枝溜到地下,穿过野地,跑往母亲的屋子。那么熟悉。哦,弗洛伊德在《达·芬奇童年的记忆》里有简述,因它生动地刻画了芬奇的恋母情结。

这段描写出自俄国文学家梅勒什可夫斯基(又译梅列日柯夫斯基)的作品《诸神复活》。在弗洛伊德的那部经典著作里,梅氏的大名至少出现了五次。事实上,譬如达·芬奇与米开朗琪罗的对决,达·芬奇画作中的女性观念等,这些常见的话题其实都不过是在捡拾梅氏的牙慧。《诸神复活》从1900年初版至今,“在欧洲任何一个国家的任何一个书店,都能找到它的多种译本”,阿尔达诺夫在1994年的《文学评论》上说道。

《诸神复活》有着动人心魄的文学感染力。正如弗洛伊德的评价,作者将这部小说建立在对达·芬奇这位非凡伟人的理解之上,用诗人富有想象力的而不是干巴巴的语言来表达自己的观点。郑超麟的中译本作于1941年,虽与如今的通用译名有出入,然译笔净美、光华斐然,是公认的佳译,在岁月流转间吐露芬芳。

小说以学徒卓梵尼的视角展开。卓梵尼求艺的过程,也是大师艺术理念展现的过程,《岩间圣母》《最后的晚餐》《蒙娜丽莎》……一幅幅名画在少年的眼睛里渐次诞生。同时还要考虑到达·芬奇的艺术创作是和他的科学活动分不开的。我们后世在阅读到卷帙浩繁的达·芬奇手稿时都感到无比惊讶,可以想见少年亲身参与“飞机”的制作过程之时产生的冲击感。伴随师生互动、情感交流,以及其他“龙套”的补充,达·芬奇的生活经历也构成了作品的一条分支。所有的一切,放置在文艺复兴的大背景下,以及贵族纠葛、法军入侵、米兰沦陷,教皇与国王之争的时代框架里,大气磅礴的史诗作品就是这样产生的。

作品的叙事能力高超。当然,它成为深入人心的经典,还需要更多、更深刻的内涵。

1905年,列夫·托尔斯泰在《世纪的终结》一文中写道:“福音书中说,世纪和世纪末并不意味着百年的结束和开始,而是意味着一种世界观、一种信仰、一种人类交流方式的结束,意味着另一种世界观、另一种方式、另一种人类交流方式的开始。”19世纪与20世纪之交,正是俄罗斯审美意识巨变的时期。作为俄罗斯“白银时代”的重要文学家,梅氏早在19世纪80年代就以象征主义诗人身份闻名于世,此后的几十年,他逐步确立了“新艺术”观,在俄罗斯文艺界乃至全世界范围产生了深远影响。《诸神复活》和1895年的《诸神之死》、1905年的《彼得与阿列克西》三部曲,就是梅氏新艺术观的代表作品。

文艺复兴的人文精神召唤梅勒什可夫斯基,达·芬奇是其仰望的高峰。“当别人还在沉睡时,他已经在黑暗中过早地醒来。”梅氏热爱达·芬奇,也神化了达·芬奇。仿佛一列开向文艺复兴的俄罗斯文学专车,带我们穿越时光,重新领略文学与艺术的盛景……

《诸神复活》 梅勒什可夫斯基 著 上海人民出版社出版

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