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储存有技巧,药才不失效

2017-09-06 09:07:20   中国青年网

如今家家户户都有自己的小药箱,尤其是老人多的家庭,储存的药物可能高达几十种。慢病服药是一个长期过程,如何把这些药物储存好,确保不失效,火箭军总医院药学部主任童卫杭介绍了一些技巧。

1.密封。易挥发、易氧化的药品尤其需要密封保存。常见的易挥发药品有碘酒、红花油以及含酒精的药物制剂。易被空气氧化的药品主要有油脂类软膏,氧化后会变酸、变质;挥发性油类药品氧化后会变色,产生臭味或沉淀;维生素C片氧化会变黄,生成脱氢抗坏血酸,药效明显降低;富马酸亚铁等亚铁盐类药物易被空气氧化成高铁,影响药物吸收。

2.防热防冻。温度升高,可能会导致药物剂型发生改变,同时与变质相关的化学反应速率加快,导致药物失去药效。维生素E胶丸、鱼肝油等软胶囊制剂,受热可出现囊壳软化、内容物漏出、粘连等情况。太宁栓、美沙拉秦栓等栓剂,温度过高可导致栓剂熔变,无法使用。除非特殊强调需要冷藏,一般不建议用冰箱存放药品。温度过低,易使药物产生沉淀、冻结、凝固、分层等现象,影响药效。止咳糖浆、感冒糖浆等如果保存温度太低,容易析出结晶;乳膏剂若保存在温度过低的地方容易发生基质分层,导致药效降低。

3.防潮。许多药品在潮湿的空气中会吸收水分,片剂受潮后会发生松片、裂片、变色、粘连的现象。散剂、颗粒剂等受潮后容易结块;泡腾片受潮后可导致制剂中的酸碱组分发生化学反应,使用时无法达到理想的泡腾效果;胶囊在高湿度环境中,囊壳会因吸湿而变软;含淀粉、糖类等成分的制剂,受潮后更容易发生霉变;易水解、潮解的药物,受潮后会加速变质,如阿司匹林在干燥情况下较稳定,当它受潮后会渐渐分解成酸性物质,对胃肠道有较大的刺激性。从冰箱取出的药品,服用后一定记得放回去,以免药物变得潮湿。

4.防细菌污染。一些无菌制剂,如滴眼剂、滴鼻液和滴耳液,虽然其中添加了一定的抑菌剂,使用后仍要及时封闭,减少药物与外界的接触时间,避免细菌过量繁殖。含蔗糖、淀粉以及一些天然高分子材料的制剂,如中药制剂,储存过程中应注意防止微生物污染,尤其开启后又未全部用完的更需注意,以减少相关成分发生霉变。

5.避光。硝酸甘油、鱼肝油等储存时最大的禁忌就是阳光,为避免遇光变质,最好放置在棕色瓶中并置于暗处保存。

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