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决策失误该如何追责

2017-09-06 08:26:54   中国青年网

在进行法治宣传时,我们会经常举一些重大决策因依法进行而成功的例子,或者举一些不依法进行而失败的例子,来说明依法决策的重要性,这种做法通俗易懂,效果显著。然而,这并没有讲清楚依法决策与决策失误之间的关系,甚至有误导的嫌疑,导致出现怕被追究责任而不敢决策的懒政现象。因此,需要正确理解重大决策的责任形式。

一般来说,任何决策都是有一定风险的,谨慎进行是必需的。而重大决策,因其投入较大,社会影响大,一旦出现失误,产生重大损失,影响会很恶劣,更需要严肃认真对待。人们对付决策风险的办法一般都是事先设置一定的程序,要求在决策时严格按照相关的程序办,比如,党的十八届四中全会的决议中就要求“健全依法决策机制,把公众参与、专家论证、风险评估、合法性审查、集体讨论决定确定为重大行政决策法定程序,建立行政机关内部重大决策合法性审查机制,建立重大决策终身责任追究制度及责任倒查机制”。应该说,追究重大决策责任,甚至终身追究和倒查都是非常有必要的,可以大大减少因“拍脑袋”恣意决策而带来的失误。

但应当认识到,风险之所以叫风险,就是存在着不确定性。在很多情况下,即使严格按照程序来办,也可能避免不了坏的结果出现。有些决策在当时可能不存在问题,但过了多年以后,随着客观条件的变化,也就有可能出现问题。因此,并不是说所有决策后出现的问题都要追究决策者的责任,那种完全以后果来确定责任的做法是不科学的。更准确地讲,只要出现了问题,就要追究决策者的责任,这其实是一个误解。

在追究决策责任之前,应当弄清出现问题的原因。正如前述,有的是因为客观条件的变化而引起的,这其实并非决策者的责任,至多只能说明决策能力的问题。相应地,决策者承担的责任形式就应该是因其决策能力不足而应该主动辞职或被免职。是否需要承担法律上的责任,则应当看其在决策的过程中应当是否依照法律相关规定。换言之,若在决策的过程中没有依法进行,即使没有出现坏的后果也应当承担法律责任;而如果依照了法律的规定进行决策,即使出现了坏的后果,也不能追究法律责任。应该说,现实中出的许多问题多是因为没有严格遵守法律的规定而乱作为引起,需要规范,并引进责任倒查制度,但在解决乱作为的同时,也要防止懒政不作为的问题。

只有依法而不是依结果来追究责任,才能让决策者既慎重决策,也敢于决策,敢于创新。

(作者系华南理工大学法学院教授)

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