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如何辨认经典

2017-09-05 08:36:43   中国青年网

创新的难度。创新是经典作品的首要特征。古典小说《西游记》,实现动物、人类、神鬼的三位一体。虽说此前的《淮南子》《山海经》已含有零散的神话叙事,但像《西游记》这样大规模的神话作品,不能不说是一个大创意。

价值的高度。创新不是猎奇和搞怪。创新贵在思想艺术的内涵,看作者能否回应人类重大的精神问题。笑星卓别林不光是搞笑,不光是娱人耳目,他的《摩登时代》批评工业化对人的“异化”,至今还是深刻的启示。他的笑不止是反讽,经常透出同情、悲伤、愤怒、深思,有很多层次,有多方面的才华释放,显然把那些只会挤眉弄眼的二、三流笑星甩下了几条街。

共鸣的广度。这里的“广度”,不是指曲低和众的那种畅销和流行,而是指作品具有跨越时代和地域的能力,跨越阶级、民族、宗教的能力,具有某种普遍性与恒久性。鲁迅《阿Q正传》里的主人公就是这样一个文学典型。其“精神胜利法”,以前被人们说成是“国民性”,其实哪止是“国民性”呢,应该说在哪里都有,在哪个时代都有,是一种人类普遍的精神弱点。意大利作家卡尔维诺曾提出经典的14条标准。其中有一条是这样:经典不是你在读的书,而是你正在重读的书。(韩少功/文据2017年8月10日《文汇报》)

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