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少吃主食多吃肉活得久?
2017-09-05 06:31:56 中国青年网
本报综合消息
朋友圈近日被一条微信刷了屏:英文医学杂志《Lancet(柳叶刀)》最近发布的研究结果证明,多吃主食可能让一个人死得更早,多吃好的脂肪和油可以让人活得更长。这一消息让爱吃肉的小伙伴觉得迎来了“人生新境界”,事实真的是这样吗?营养学家和公共卫生专家不同意了,他们“怼”了回去。
食品营养专家钟凯指出,营养与健康的关系相当复杂,单独将一个营养素和健康指标做关联,得到的相关性只能是参考,而不能简单地当成因果结论。无论在中国还是美国,制定膳食指南的依据主要来自三个方面,一是各类食品中的营养素含量,二是各人群吃的各种食物的量,三是世界各国对于不同营养素的健康研究证据。其中,前两项是简单的统计分析,而最后一个实际上就是一个大型文献研究,不同研究结果要拿来逐一分析、交叉验证等。
公共卫生专家则指出,这篇研究的碳水化合物部分的发现,高碳水化合物摄入可能引起全因死亡率增加,但是这个“高”是要高到60%以上;而在碳水化合物供能比上升到60%之前,这个死亡风险没有明显的升高趋势。目前我国居民膳食碳水化合物供能比早就一路下降,2011年已经降到54.3%。营养学从来不要求“多吃什么”或者“少吃什么”,而是讲求平衡和范围。脂肪也好,碳水化合物也好,蛋白质也好,都应该在一个合适的范围内。
记者注意到,2016版中国膳食指南按照不同人群进行了细分,既有总的膳食指南原则,也有针对老年人、儿童的膳食指南等。不同的人群其实膳食指南推荐标准也不相同。仅以喝水为例,膳食指南推荐健康成年人每天的饮水量为1500至1700毫升,而学龄儿童的饮水量推荐数值为每天800至1400毫升。
食品营养专家钟凯说,膳食指南也不是严格的饮食配方,作为消费者应该首先遵从大的原则,其次再谈细节问题。同样两个人吃同样的东西,营养状况很可能有很大差异,这是营养学无法突破的障碍,就是个体差异。但是,膳食指南里面提出的食物总量控制、品种多样化,以及加强运动,这些原则是不会有问题的。
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