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重型柴油车是污染主因

2017-09-05 04:06:42   中国青年网

本报讯(记者 骆倩雯)从8月底开始,京城的蓝天短暂消失,雾霾来了,空气质量持续不佳。昨天,记者从环保部门了解到,从分析来看,此次污染过程一方面受气象条件和区域传输的影响,但更重要的还是以本地污染为主,其中机动车尤其是重型柴油车是污染主因。

此次污染过程从8月底开始,一直持续至昨天,从9月1日起,污染有些加重,全市平均达到三级轻度污染水平。市环保监测中心高级工程师刘保献介绍,9月1日夜间至2日凌晨期间,个别小时PM2.5的浓度达到了重度污染水平,尤其是南部地区,浓度比较高。2日下午到3日全天略有好转,但昨天凌晨到午后,污染物浓度上升得比较快。从实况来看,如昨天10时,全市大部分地区的空气质量在轻度至中度污染水平,PM2.5浓度超过100微克/立方米。

刘保献告诉记者,此次污染过程一方面受不利气象因素以及区域传输影响,但更重要的还是以北京本地的污染为主。从这几天PM2.5的组成来看,硝酸盐占比最大,而硝酸盐主要是受机动车排放影响。其中,9月1日和2日硝酸盐在PM2.5组成中的占比分别达到23%和26%,昨天更是达到了30%。以昨天为例,从凌晨到中午这段时间,城区硝酸盐浓度增加了3倍左右。“所以,硝酸盐是这次PM2.5污染形成的最主要原因。”刘保献说。

据悉,硝酸盐主要来自于气态氮氧化物的二次转化,而在非采暖季,气态氮氧化物就主要来自机动车的排放。本次污染过程硝酸盐占比居高不下,正好反映出了在静稳条件下机动车污染贡献较大,且有不断增加的趋势。

刘保献说,在机动车污染中,柴油大货车的影响最大,从交通站点氮氧化物以及黑炭的监测结果看,夜间浓度往往是白天的2倍到4倍,可见进京柴油大货车对空气质量起到重要的影响。此外,从排放总量来看,国Ⅲ及以上排放标准的重型柴油车排放的氮氧化物和一次颗粒物,可占全市机动车排放总量的50%以上和90%以上。

机动车每天都在路上跑,为什么这几天污染物的浓度就会偏高?刘保献解释,首先是本地机动车的排放量本身就比较大,一旦遇上静稳条件,氮氧化物转化成颗粒物的速度就会加快。而硝酸盐在温度相对较低的情况下更容易生成,“夏季气温高,容易挥发掉,这段时间凉快了,挥发就比较小,从全年来看,秋季天气对硝酸盐的生成比较有利。”刘保献说。

此外,本次污染过程相对往年有所提前。从常年情况来看,9月份会有两到三次污染过程,但一般发生在9月中下旬,今年大概提前了半个月。

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