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因城施策推进城镇教育扩容(调查研究)

2017-09-04 05:15:49   中国青年网

随着我国城镇化持续快速发展,进城务工人员随迁子女教育成为一个长期存在的突出问题。推进以人为核心的新型城镇化,应高度重视、有序解决城镇教育扩容问题,让进城务工人员随迁子女接受良好教育。

调查发现,一段时间以来,进城务工人员随迁子女的教育问题给不同类型的城镇带来了不同程度的教育扩容挑战,不同类型的城镇作出了不同的反应。一是超大、特大、大城市学校入学门槛较高。城市规模大、进城务工人员多的城市,进城务工人员随迁子女入学门槛更高。这说明这些城市面临的教育扩容压力最大,为了控制城市规模不得不控制教育规模。二是县镇优质学校“巨班大校”问题突出。一些教育发展不均衡的县域,全县其他乡镇的学龄人口纷纷涌入教育发展水平较高的县城和个别乡镇,出现了“巨班大校”现象。县镇“巨班大校”在各地区不同程度地存在,在中部人口大省表现得尤为突出。三是在企业较多的乡镇,中低端民办学校大量出现。在经济发展较快的东部地区特别是长三角、珠三角、环渤海地区,除了大城市吸收大量外来人口,许多乡镇由于乡镇企业、民营企业发展较快,也吸引了大量外来务工人员。为了解决外来务工人员随迁子女教育问题,大量民办学校应运而生,但存在教学质量较低等问题。很显然,这些应对举措并不能有效解决进城务工人员随迁子女的教育问题。新形势下,要让每个孩子都接受良好的教育,不同类型城镇应采取不同的教育扩容策略。

超大和特大城市可以进行调控型教育扩容。解决好超大、特大城市教育扩容问题,是城镇教育扩容的难点所在,也是亟须啃下的硬骨头。一方面,城市主管部门应做好当地公办学校教育承载力统计,督促有条件的公办学校积极承担进城务工人员随迁子女教育的责任。另一方面,应在随迁子女聚集的地方,努力增建新校舍或通过租赁等方式增加新校舍,并进行相应的人力与财力资源配置,保证教育质量,让随迁子女学有所教。

大中城市可以进行同步型教育扩容。大中城市发展空间较大,可以有序承接更多人口。大中城市在城市扩容过程中,应同步甚至优先考虑学校的扩建、新建,即进行同步型教育扩容。地方政府可以把是否有学校扩建、新建规划作为城市扩容规划能否通过的一个前置条件。在这些城市,对于符合合法稳定就业、有合法稳定住所等条件的进城务工人员的随迁子女,政府部门应通过扩建、新建学校等方式为其提供基本公共教育服务。

教育发展不均衡县域可以进行均衡型教育扩容。在教育发展不均衡的县域,为遏止教育吸引型城镇化乱象,需要进行两方面努力:一方面,在学校布局调整和学校标准化建设中,保留必要的农村小规模学校,有序建设适度规模学校,为农村儿童提供就近、方便的教育。另一方面,推进校际教师交流,促进师资校际均衡,为农村儿童提供公平、高质量的教育。

企业集中的乡镇可以进行提高型教育扩容。在一些企业较为集中的乡镇,应全面动员区域教育资源,多途径提高教育质量。一方面,充分利用现有公办学校教育资源,促使公办学校积极承担外来务工人员随迁子女的教育责任,充分挖掘现有教育潜力。另一方面,对于办学质量不高的民办学校,应加强管理与服务,如提供办学场所及相关信息,定期检查安全达标与教学达标状况,努力提高民办学校教育的质量。

(作者为东北师范大学中国农村教育发展研究院副院长、教授)

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