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贯穿于魏晋南北朝史的诸多发展周期

2017-09-04 05:10:49   中国青年网

■本期主持:楼劲(中国魏晋南北朝史学会会长)

■本期主题:魏晋南北朝史研究的基本特点与新发展

主持人语

近年中古史研究的重要事态之一,是魏晋南北朝史研究的新见迭出和新人辈出,其影响上及秦汉史,下至隋唐史各领域,关系到中国古代前后期转折的一系列基本问题。在考虑其之所以活跃的原因,展望其近期继续发展的态势时,有三个方面或应引起特别注意:一是在更大的历史纵深下考虑魏晋南北朝时期的各种具体问题,阐发其中所寓的大跨度、长时段内涵;二是更多地关注以往研究中显得相对孤立、滞后的宗教、知识等领域的事态,揭示此期精神世界与整个社会发展的关联;三是更加讲求史料的拓展、辨析,自觉、综合地运用文献学、考古学、人类学、现象学等多学科方法来开掘史料和认识历史。应当说,这些方面的确都契合魏晋南北朝史及其研究的基本特点,继承和发展了前辈学者创辟的一系列思考,有助于更好地把握“中国”和“中华民族”发展的当时样态和后续篇章。本组文章即在这些方面提供了作者的一得之见,以供学界同仁参考、讨论。

魏晋南北朝史及其研究的重要性和特殊性,集中体现于一个此期独有的显著现象:即中古史上的一系列大事或趋势,如门阀士族、均田制、三省制度、北族汉化、法律儒家化、佛教中国化、古文经学、文学自觉等等,基本上均在此期呈现了从定型展开到消退终结的发展周期。正是这些周期的兴衰起伏,在很大程度上构成了此期历史的基本内容,展示了连接汉、唐两大王朝的脉络线索,决定了“中国”“中华民族”的当时样态和后续基础。要之,魏晋南北朝在中古史上的地位和特殊性,在于其为这一系列发展周期从定型展开到消退终结的关键时期。

这些发展周期不少皆为各领域研究者所熟知,可概括为下列几点:

一是尽管具体的来龙去脉各有不同,但这些周期明确的起讫点大都可断在魏晋至唐初。如门阀士族源于汉,余绪及于唐后期,但与其定型和瓦解紧相关联的标志性制度,也就是九品中正制,则从曹魏开始几经调整,至隋及唐初告终。均田制的兴衰也是这样,西晋占田制以前的授田、名田、屯田可谓其源,盛唐开元令则是其流,其管制土地和劳动力配置关系的制度实质,典型地体现于北魏及北齐、北周、隋的均田制,至唐初武德令明显已入尾声。三省制度自魏晋明确三省并立,至唐初政事堂制度形成而精神渐渐不存,实际已向阁部体制过渡。其他如北族汉化自五胡建国至唐初定姓族;法律儒家化自曹魏新律至唐永徽律疏的形成;佛教中国化自西晋允许中土人士出家,至隋及唐初天台宗、律宗、禅宗等本土宗派创始;古文经学自曹魏始立于官学,至唐初撰定《五经正义》。凡此之类,均足令人意识到魏晋南北朝之所以自成一个时代的理据所在,非仅从合久必分到分久必合而已。

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