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“吃出来的名相”

2017-09-03 14:45:56   中国青年网

宋太祖赵匡胤算是历史上一位传奇的皇帝了,他本是武将出身,陈桥兵变后黄袍加身,取代后周而得天下。赵匡胤文化程度不高,深知“马上得天下,以文治天下”这个亘古不变的道理,所以他在太庙中为后世子孙立下“不得杀士大夫”的祖训密誓,定下“重文轻武”的国策。张齐贤之所以能得到“吃出来的名相”的名号,与此不无关系。

张齐贤(942年-1014年),字师亮,曹州冤句(今山东菏泽南)人,纵然家中贫困、衣衫寒酸、天天挨饿,身材仍旧高大魁梧,风骨伟岸。他经常感叹自己今生没能吃上几顿饱饭,记忆最深的一顿饱饭,是在村里有户富裕人家设的食施斋上吃的,席罢,他还是觉得没吃好,忽然见人家的房檐上挂了一块牛皮,趁人不备取下来煮着吃了,这才算是真正吃饱了。

有一次,一伙强盗在旅店里面吃吃喝喝,住店的人吓得连跑带躲,只有张齐贤留下来想跟强盗蹭顿饱饭。他径直走过去,作了个揖,直截了当地和他们说:“我穷人一个,想和各位一起吃个酒足饭饱,可以吗?”强盗们很高兴地说:“秀才你肯委屈自己,有什么不可以?看看我们都是粗人,还怕你笑话呢。”连忙给他让座。张齐贤说:“做强盗的,不是卑鄙的人,都是世上的英雄。”他一边说,一边拿了个大碗倒酒喝,吃得像虎狼一样。这群盗贼看傻了,都犯嘀咕:“他真是个当官的料子。要不然怎么能如此不拘小节呢!”

相传赵匡胤到西都巡游,行至洛阳时,张齐贤为了祈求一顿饱饭,吃了熊心豹子胆,冒着生命危险,拦住了皇上的“座驾”。当时,拦住皇上的座驾可是杀头的大罪,怎不叫人唏嘘!张齐贤道:“我要给皇上谏言。”赵匡胤以礼贤下士之名召见他,张齐贤先不谏言,却问皇上有吃的不——饿啊!实在是饿啊!谏言是借口,其实是真心想混顿饱饭吃。赵匡胤见此人不一般,吩咐下人端来酒菜,他哪里吃过这等珍馐美馔?似济公过日子,狼吞虎咽。他一边吃,一边向皇上提出富民、敦孝、举贤、藉田、慎刑等方面的建议。赵匡胤回朝后,对赵光义说:“我到西都,只得到一个张齐贤足矣了。这人挺实诚的,是个忠诚可靠之人,但我不打算授任他官职。以后好好锻炼培养,定能让他来辅佐你。”在赵匡胤眼里,实诚意味着忠诚,忠于君主、忠于国家、忠于人民。必须承认,有些人一望即知,定是非凡人物。

莎士比亚曾说:“有人生而伟大,有人因奋斗而伟大。”赵光义登基后,扩大科举的取士人数,他在位的第一次科举的取士人数,就比宋太祖时期猛增了两倍多,这使得不少有才华之人都有机会入仕。太平兴国二年(977年),张齐贤进士及第,先后担任通判、兵部尚书、吏部尚书等职,还曾为相前后二十一年。看来人们说张齐贤是“吃出来的名相”,还是有几分道理的。

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