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吴晓灵:从资管市场看金融立法应统一认识新老划断正本清源
央广网北京9月2日消息(记者孙莹)近日,全国人大常委、财经委副主任委员、中国人民银行原副行长吴晓灵在绿法国际联盟首届金融资本市场发展与法律规制高峰论坛上,发表主旨演讲。她专门从资管市场看金融立法,提出应统一认识,新老划断,正本清源。
最重要的市场认识最不统一
吴晓灵认为,财富管理应该说是最重要的市场,但也是认识最不统一的市场:“我们现在资管规模有多大?我们是一个间接金融的国家,2016年底人民币贷款大概余额106.6万亿,而银行表内、表外的理财产品,信托公司的信托计划,再加上证券、基金管理公司的各项资管计划合起来大约有102.1万亿。除掉当中的重复计算有人估计我们的资产管理的产品是60万亿到70万亿,可见规模之大。”
吴晓灵分析,我们国家的社会财富、个人财富的积累促进了中国财富市场的发展,2016年底,单位的定期存款大约是30.8万亿,按照瑞士信贷的测算中国的中产人数2016年是1.09亿。在控制社会杠杆增长、货币政策回归中性的背景下,财富市场的发展作用更加重大。“盘活存量增加直接投资数量是新形势下融资的方向,由专业机构进行集合投资更有利于提高投融资的效率。”
“当前资管市场争议最大的是对银行理财产品的看法。”吴晓灵说,“在102亿的资产管理当中,银行基本上占到了三分之一即30亿元。集合投资计划的本质特征一是按照份额筹集资金、二是由第三方进行管理为委托人利益投资、三是投资人承担风险享受收益、四是管理人收取管理费用,合伙型私募基金还可以按合同分享部分利润。这都是信托的特性,而且集合投资在世界各国均被认定为证券。”
区分金融产品主要是看投资的风险承担和收益的分配。银行存款的特征是由银行承担风险,投资人即存款人享受固定收益,因而保本保收益的银行理财产品均已由监管当局定性为结构性存款,要缴纳存款准备金,占用银行资本。银行发行不保本、不保收益的理财产品符合集合投资的所有特性,发行超过2000份以上的产品应该按照公募基金管理。现在银行发行的不保本的产品基本上有一个预期收益率。不保本又保预期收益是对市场纪律的扭曲,银行理财产品近30万亿,应该统一认识、新老划断、正本清源。
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