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给国产盾构铸心 为产学结合添翼

2017-09-02 04:16:00   中国青年网

【归国情·创业梦】

1818年,法国工程师布鲁诺尔受到船板上蛀虫利用分泌物涂抹在孔洞周围蛀孔的启发,发明了盾构。20世纪90年代以来,中国的盾构市场一直被外国公司垄断,中国企业只承担了“施工队”与“加工装配队”的角色。德国、美国等少数跨国公司掌握着盾构的核心技术,不但在我国赚取高额利润,还依靠技术垄断制约我国重大工程建设的速度,直到浙江大学机械工程学院院长杨华勇教授和他的产学研团队九年磨一剑,才一举打破了“洋盾构”在中国一统天下的局面。

“我们的目标是不再受制于人”

1998年,杨华勇到广州参观德国海瑞克公司的盾构产品,适逢海瑞克公司有个工程师要到现场指导盾构的应用情况,这个一天要价3000美元、住五星级酒店的德国工程师,竟然只是一个二十多岁的阿根廷小伙子,他是德国公司派驻台北的工作人员,在台北工作一年半后来广州“指导工作”。

“盾构是大型复杂工程装备,因为我们不懂使用和维护,所以请国外专家费用很大。我受了很大的刺激,我们必须做出属于自己的盾构。”杨华勇说。

“中国当时是具备盾构的制造能力的,很多船厂、重型机械厂都可以制造,但设计和图纸在别人手里。所以当时在中国贴牌制造的盾构,中国人赚不到工程师的工资,只有工人的工资。”基于悲愤和气恼,杨华勇义无反顾,带领产学研团队踏上了艰难的研发之路。“我们已经能制造、安装和使用,我们的挑战,是设计。我们的目标是改变长期依赖国外的局面,争取掌握自主设计制造盾构的能力,不再受制于人。”

但这个项目遇到了重重阻力。

“首先遭到了业内专家的反对,因为他们看到的、使用的都是国外做了几十年的设备,做装备、机械、工程行业的专家都不相信中国短期能自己做出来。”几年里,杨华勇各处奔走呼吁,直到2002年,“863计划”机器人主题启动了对盾构项目的支持,多家企业和高校联合攻关。杨华勇领衔的浙江大学团队负责液压系统,中铁隧道做刀盘刀具,上海隧道做控制系统和后配套系统。

2004年,杨华勇的产学研团队研发出液压驱动和控制系统。系统做好了,下一个问题也接踵而至——没有地方装主机试验。他们多方联系,屡屡碰壁。“当时的环境,一般认为大学能说不能做,只能在实验室做事,大家不相信设计出来的东西能在施工现场派上用场。”后来几经周折,联系到上海地铁二号线延长段的工程队。杨华勇想把他们研发的液压驱动和控制系统并行到德国盾构上试验,但工程部并不信任他们。“施工方都有工期的,提前通了隧道有奖金;拖后了进程,是要挨罚的。所以他们觉得我们是在干涉他们,觉得我们在添乱。”杨华勇说破了嘴皮,施工方才给他们通上了电。

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