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尘封65年,伦茨“新作”引发战争反思

2017-09-01 16:01:04   中国青年网

《投敌者》

(德)西格弗里德·伦茨

外语教学与研究出版社

《投敌者》

(德)西格弗里德·伦茨

外语教学与研究出版社

德国文学大师西格弗里德·伦茨(1926至2014)迟到65年的“新作”《投敌者》由外语教学与研究出版社出版。伦茨在德国与君特·格拉斯、海因里希·伯尔齐名,多次提名诺贝尔文学奖,其代表作《德语课》一书曾在中国多次再版,也因此为中国读者熟知,莫言、余华等中国作家皆是其忠实粉丝。《投敌者》写于上世纪50年代,早于《德语课》,其时伦茨年仅25岁,但因该书主题不符合当时西德的政治环境而未能出版,直到伦茨去世一年多后,才在其手稿中发现。2016年在德国甫一出版,立刻成为德语文坛重要事件,同名电影也即将于2018年开拍。

《投敌者》以二战欧洲战场为背景,讲述了一个有关意识形态和大局势中个人选择的故事。一位本性善良的普通德国士兵在服役中,对战争、杀戮、国家理论等产生了怀疑,并不合时宜地爱上了一位苏联女游击队员,但在无意间又杀死了爱人的弟弟和自己的姐夫。在死亡现实和道德良心的双重拷问下,他投降了“敌方”苏联红军。然而,战争结束后,他再次“投敌”,回到了西德。本书译者、北京大学德语系教授赵登荣说,写这个故事和伦茨本人的经历或许有关。伦茨二战时曾在德国海军服役,因为听说一个战友因反抗上级被打死而逃离部队,潜入丹麦的森林。这件事使他开始觉醒,反思权力、制度、责任等命题。

该书德语书名也可译作“叛国者”、“变节者”等,但赵登荣选择将其译为“投敌者”,这是他权衡之后的决定,因为考虑到这或许更符合伦茨的本意。北京大学比较文学与比较文化研究所教授张辉分析说,无论是“叛国”还是“变节”,都有浓重的价值和伦理判断在里面,而“投敌者”是个相对中性的表述,只是对主人公行为的基本描述和呈现。主人公两次“投敌”的过程,并不导向非黑即白的简单判断,而是深入到人性深处游移不定的灰色地带。伦茨不是从国家的大层面上来书写,而是从个体层面上反思纳粹为何能让全世界卷入一场浩劫之中。“他追问具体的个人是如何作为的,而不是将罪责统统推给纳粹。当然这不意味着不去反思希特勒等人的罪恶,但将所有问题归结到这个原因显然是不够的。”

赵登荣认为,这部小说被尘封65年才得以面世,其主要原因在于,小说以投降红军的德国士兵为主人公,并充满了大量对战争、国家、敌人、道德等概念的辩证性思考,而西德在上世纪50年代保守倾向严重,从官方的文化意识形态到具体的出版社、审稿人、读者都对这种直指自身的书写不能接受,甚至认为“有对祖国明显不忠的污点”。然而令人颇感意外的是,《投敌者》在时过境迁终得出版后,引起巨大反响,连续五个月盘踞德国畅销榜单第一名。赵登荣认为,这一方面是因为现在的德国人对“投敌”题材更加宽容,另一方面也说明德国人还愿意去阅读、回忆、反思那段历史。

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