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近代日本两起外国政要遇刺案

2017-09-01 08:21:12   中国青年网

日本刑事司法史上的“1891年沙俄皇储大津遇刺案”与“1895年晚清重臣李鸿章马关遇刺案”,曾与“明治维新”时期的宪法权威、中日俄的重大敏感外交事件、《马关条约》签订、日俄战争的爆发均有千丝万缕的联系。这两次刑事审判,也让我们深思法律人在近代亚洲政局的风云变幻中,究竟扮演着什么样的角色。

1891年5月11日,正在日本访问的沙皇俄国皇太子尼古拉,遭滋贺县大津市警备巡查津田三藏持刀行刺,所幸仅受轻伤,史称“大津事件”。日本虽自1868年明治维新以来国力增强,但仍不敢与当时强大的沙皇俄国抗衡。日本政府本欲借皇储到访改善两国关系,却被本该负责皇储警卫事宜的仇俄警察刺伤。

对于安保一项,日本政府曾向俄国驻日公使郑重承诺:皇储在日本如遭遇不敬事件,日本政府将按照对日本皇室不敬的同等条例惩处,即按照加害本国皇族的日本刑法第116条(俗称“大逆罪”)的规定惩处。该条规定,加害日本天皇、皇后、皇太子等皇室成员者处死刑,即使未遂、预备与计划者亦同。“大津事件”发生后,日本政府的内政外交陷入空前难题,既考验1890年颁布的宪法权威,又面临世界强权外交的挑战。

日本深恐引发俄国报复,明治天皇亲赴停泊在神户港的俄国军舰探望皇储;日本各界向沙皇、皇储尼古拉发出的慰问道歉电报超过一万封;学校全部停课,在神社寺院祈祷皇储痊愈……明治天皇在事发当夜下诏给首相松方正义,要求首相“速处惩暴行者,勿毁伤善邻之好意”。松方首相开内阁紧急会议,内阁成员一致同意以“大逆罪”罪名处决罪犯津田三藏。

日本大审院(最高法院)亦组成特别法庭,由7名特别法官审理此案。松方首相会晤大审院院长儿岛惟谦,要求法院“配合”行政方面处理。但儿岛惟谦认为,“大逆罪”只适用于保护日本皇室成员人身安全,而非访日的外国皇室成员。依据现代刑法“罪刑法定主义”,本案只能按照普通杀人未遂罪,处以被告终身监禁,且《明治宪法》规定政府亦必须完全遵守法律、不得干预司法。日本政府闻讯,立刻派出内务大臣西乡从道与法务大臣山田显义联手向法官游说,却吃了“闭门羹”。

不肯罢休的日本政府在5月25日(宣判前夕)祭出“杀招”,由日本总检察长三好退藏与法务大臣山田显义联名发布敕令,规定刑法第116条可以进行扩张解释,即也可保护非本国王室成员。从事法务二十余年的儿岛惟谦从容应对,以刑法总则第3条明确规定“禁止法律溯及既往”为由,指出新敕令无法适用于“大津”案。儿岛惟谦表示,如判决曲解法律,身为负监督责任的大审院长,将辞职以答天皇,以谢世人。儿岛惟谦还称:“立宪国家如欠法律之威严与正义,则必然失去其存在之意义。”

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