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防卫过当不属于故意杀人“情节较轻”范围

2017-09-01 08:16:26   中国青年网

刑法第20条第2款规定,正当防卫明显超过必要限度造成重大损害的,应当负刑事责任,但是应当减轻或者免除处罚。这是关于防卫过当法律责任的规定。刑法第232条规定,故意杀人情节较轻的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。关于两者之间的关系,有的认为,防卫过当的故意杀人属于“情节较轻”的情形,但多是仅有观点论断却无详细论证。笔者认为:从量刑情节的性质和内涵角度来看,防卫过当不应属于故意杀人“情节较轻”的情形;将防卫过当认定为故意杀人“情节较轻”,会导致防卫过当条款的适用出现两难境地、量刑幅度出现断档等一系列量刑法律适用问题。

首先,“情节较轻”作为刑法分则中定量的量刑情节,不应包含防卫过当等刑法总则中定性的量刑情节。

“情节较轻”是刑法分则常见的量刑情节,分布在众多罪名之中,与之对应的是情节严重、情节特别严重等量刑情节。一般来说,刑法分则具体条文所规定的法定刑,是犯罪成立且既遂模式下配置的,不需要涉及犯罪行为定性因素的判断。“情节较轻”的量刑情节,侧重的是对犯罪行为的社会危害程度的判断,可以称之为定量的量刑情节。相关事实情节的轻重与否,要与具体罪名紧密结合,每个罪名“情节较轻”的内涵和外延都不同,刑法分则条文及司法解释大多会进行列举式的规定。与“情节较轻”等刑法分则规定的量刑情节相比,犯罪未完成形态、自首、立功、从犯、防卫过当等刑法总则规定的量刑情节较为抽象,是同一类事实和状态的概括,主要涉及犯罪行为中某些事实情节的性质认定,可以称之为定性的量刑情节。此类刑法总则量刑情节,其定义是稳定的,不因具体罪名的变化而变化。

从这个意义上说,故意杀人“情节较轻”的认定,应当依靠刑法分则条文中罪状的描述,围绕着杀人手段、行为、后果、主观恶性、人身危险性等主客观方面中属于轻、重程度等量的信息而展开判断。是否“情节较轻”,应当剔除犯罪未完成形态等因素,也应排除自首、立功、从犯等与犯罪构成要件无直接关联的因素。防卫过当与犯罪未完成形态、自首、立功、从犯一样,属于刑法总则所规定的量刑情节,其既不涉及某一具体罪名犯罪构成要件的满足,也不直接涉及罪行严重程度与否的评价,其关注的是犯罪行为的某些性质特征的认定,不应当纳入刑法分则具体条文与定量因素有关的“情节较轻”这一减轻处罚事由。尽管刑法总则规定的量刑情节和刑法分则规定的量刑情节都可能会导致减轻处罚,但不能因为刑罚后果一致,就忽视两者在定性、定量侧重点上的不同,将防卫过当和故意杀人“情节较轻”混为一谈。

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