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乳腺癌筛查之困

2017-08-31 05:46:59   中国青年网

我国的乳腺癌筛查情况是,据估计(没有可靠数字)我国2015年乳腺癌新发病例27万余人,死亡7万余人。北京、上海乳腺癌发病率为60~70/10万人口,农村地区30~40/10万人口。2009年,我国启动了农村妇女“两癌”筛查项目,3年间使用临床乳腺检查作为初筛手段,超声检查或乳腺X线摄像作为次级手段,对120万妇女进行免费筛查。从2012年开始,项目扩大至每年筛查120万人,并采用临床乳腺检查和超声检查作为联合初筛手段,检查结果可疑者辅以乳腺X线摄像检查。截至目前,筛查结果尚未发表。

了解了上述事实之后,我们再来谈谈乳腺癌筛查之困,及其原因。

困惑一:初筛年龄

虽然国内多数专家认为,我国乳腺癌的发病高峰年龄较西方提前10年以上,但尚不清楚是发病机制的原因(基因不同)还是统计的原因(我国人口结构年轻,发病人群结构也年轻化)。这个问题如果不清楚,就无法确定筛查对象的初筛年龄。

困惑二:筛查的投入

根据我国城市和农村乳腺癌的平均发病率,我们估算乳腺癌在正常人群中的实际发病数量为1~2/1000人。按照两癌筛查(乳腺)的实际投入资金145元/人计算,现在全国每年筛查120万人,总费用近2亿元,理论上可检出乳腺癌患者为1200人左右,实际检出人数更低。我国人口众多,投入巨大,全民筛查,国力难堪重负。且多数筛查出的人到医院就诊后除外肿瘤,其花费不菲,此种情况更是难以计算。

困惑三:筛查的覆盖人群和时间

笔者对已经开展“两癌筛查”工作的地方进行调查发现,实际筛查覆盖人数仅为20%左右,群众参与度不高,原因复杂。资金效率可想而知。理论上,筛查对乳腺癌死亡率的影响,至少需要3年以上的持续筛查,才能产生效果。低覆盖率使得筛查效果无法评估。

困惑四:筛查的技术工具

目前我国乳腺癌筛查,多在乡镇卫生院或妇幼保健院系统进行,多使用超声检查,原因复杂,包括政策规定乡镇卫生院不允许配备钼靶机,一些媒体宣传钼靶射线危害性大,各机构超声设备良莠不齐等。筛查目的是发现早期肿瘤,用超声检查去发现在医院里诊断都很困难的病灶,难度巨大。且目前国内外还没有循证医学的证据,证实超声在早期乳腺癌筛查中的价值。

困惑五:医生的技术水平

承担筛查任务的基层医生多数没有经过正规严格的培训,技术水平参差不齐。让他们承担比大医院诊断疾病更困难的筛查任务,难度可想而知。而且,筛查工作量巨大,每天完成100例以上的检查,无论从单个病例检查时间和医生工作的总时间上都是无法回避的实际困难。

困惑六:筛查流程的管理

筛查的组织管理(如何提高筛查的覆盖率),流程的技术管理(技术标准,效果评估,风险控制,数据采集与处理等),都缺乏专业人员去协调、研究、指导。把一项科学性很强的系统工程变成了一项民生政绩工程。专家都是高高在上,除了整天忙于临床工作,无暇顾及这种基础工作。

上述问题如不解决,乳腺癌的筛查很难取得成果。短时间内中国乳腺癌的防治状况也不会有明显改变。人们只能把希望寄托于自己去医院每年进行检查,这会更加剧医院人满为患的现象。

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