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公司治理,以法治促活力(新论)

2017-08-31 05:16:46   中国青年网

我国作为世界第二大经济体,理应在公司治理方面走在世界前列,为建立稳定公平透明、可预期的营商环境贡献中国智慧

近日,最高人民法院出台了《关于适用〈中华人民共和国公司法〉若干问题的规定(四)》,就公司诉讼中涉及的决议效力、股东知情权、利润分配权、优先购买权和股东代表诉讼等五个方面的法律适用问题作出了明确具体的规定,这对于改善我国的营商环境,加快建设开放型经济新体制,提高我国公司制度的国际竞争力具有十分重要的意义。

不同国家和地区之间的经济竞争,在一定意义上是公司制度的竞争。科学合理的公司制度,可以吸引投资、激励创新、促进创业,有效整合资本、土地、智力等社会资源,实现资源价值最大化。而公司资本的跨国流动,又是一个国家和地区公司制度是否合理的晴雨表。我国作为世界第二大经济体,占据世界500强中的115家,理应在公司治理方面走在世界前列,为建立稳定公平透明、可预期的营商环境贡献中国智慧。

保护股东权利和追求盈利分配最大化,是公司设立的目标,也是此次公司法司法解释的重要着眼点。在确保公司稳定发展的基础上最大限度地实现股东利益,必须正确处理好股东与股东之间、股东与公司之间的利益平衡。近年来,随着公司数量的快速增长,涉及公司治理和股东权利纠纷的案件逐年上升,占据公司纠纷类案件的60%多。有的公司大股东违反同股同权原则和股东权利不得滥用原则,侵害中小股东的知情权,排挤、压榨小股东,导致公司不分配利润,而公司的董事、高级管理人员领取过高薪酬。种种乱象,都需要通过有针对性和可操作性的制度设计,加大对中小股东权利的保护力度,维护广大投资者的切身利益,进一步改善我国营商环境。

新的公司法司法解释力图通过加大对中小股东权利的保护力度,激发广大中小投资者的创业热情,最大范围吸引民间资本,形成推动经济持续向好发展的强大动力。首先,司法解释依法强化了对股东法定知情权的保护,进一步明确公司股东查阅和复制公司决议等文件材料的权利边界,禁止公司通过章程、协议等方式实质性剥夺股东的法定知情权,同时规定了侵害股东知情权的赔偿责任。其次,进一步完善了对股东利润分配请求权的司法救济,明确股东请求分配利润的法定条件,禁止公司股东滥用股东权利而拒不分配利润,同时也明确划定了司法适当干预公司利润分配的边界和尺度。

此次的司法解释还进一步规范了股东行使优先购买权的方式和损害救济制度,明确规定股东优先购买权的行使期限、“同等条件”的考量因素、损害优先购买权后的股权转让效力等。此外,还进一步完善了股东代表诉讼机制,确认股东在股东代表诉讼中的当事人地位,明确了胜诉利益的归属和诉讼费用的负担等。当然,在强调保护中小股东权利的同时,我们丝毫不能忽略公司正常经营发展的制度保障。新的公司法司法解释对股东滥用权利的各类情形以及法律后果也作出了明确规定,真正兼顾和实现公司、股东、董事、债权人、职工等诸多方面的利益平衡。

公司富则国富,公司强则国强。随着我国供给侧结构性改革不断深化,公司治理法治化水平不断提高,我国公司制度的吸引力和国际竞争力必将大大增强,使更多富有市场活力和国际竞争力的公司如雨后春笋般涌现。

(作者为最高人民法院审判委员会委员、民事审判第二庭庭长)

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