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别担心儿童读不懂古诗文

2017-08-31 05:10:37   中国青年网

【文化评析】

据媒体报道,语文“部编本”教材大大增加了古诗文的比例。对此,有部分网友担忧,文言文比例增长后会增加小学生背诵课文的压力,而低年级学生又难以理解古诗文的含义。这种担忧过虑了。少年儿童完全可以读古诗文,这种阅读并非机械地读,也不是死记硬背,而是能形成自己独特的审美与文化感受。

明代王士禛7岁入家塾,学《诗经》,已能领会诗情。诗人臧克家童年时喜欢听祖父读诗,他在《我是怎样成为诗人的》中说:“有时,他突然放开心头的铁闸,用湍流的热情、洪亮的嗓音朗诵起《长恨歌》来,接着又是《琵琶行》,他的声音使我莫名其妙地感动。”作家张恨水9岁时对《孟子》产生了兴趣。幼时便喜欢阅读古文经典,这样的例子不胜枚举。

七八岁以及十来岁的孩子,对古诗文自然不能有理性的认识,但他们是有感受的。这种感受,也可以说是儿童的“懂”。文学家金克木曾提出,为了了解中国文化,有一些书是必读的,如“五经”和《论语》《孟子》《老子》《庄子》《荀子》。他在《书读完了》一文中分析说,这些书,除《易》《老》以外,“大半是十来岁的孩子所能懂得的,其中不乏故事性和趣味性。枯燥部分可以滑过去。我国古人并不喜欢‘抽象思维’,说的道理常很切实,用语也往往风趣,稍加注解即可阅读原文。一部书通读了,读通了,接下去越来越容易,并不那么可怕。从前的孩子们就是这样读的。主要还是要引起兴趣。孩子有他们的理解方式,不能照大人的方式去理解,特别是不能抠字句,讲道理。大人难懂的地方孩子未必不能‘懂’”。

大人难懂的地方孩子未必不能“懂”,这是很深刻的见解,也是过来人的经验总结,值得重视。“从前的孩子们”能做到的,今天的孩子也能做到。笔者在批阅研究生试卷的作文题时,有一位考生写的是初遇《论语》的感受:“我依稀记得,当我翻开《论语》时,仅仅上小学的我便被其中简短却又复杂深刻的句句箴言所吸引。虽然并不懂其中的奥义,但它有力和缓、抑扬顿挫的韵脚语调,磅礴大气或内敛平实的语言氛围给我留下了不可磨灭的印象。”儿童完全可以读古诗文,而且会有自己的感受。儿童读古诗文产生感受的过程,即是激发情感和产生丰富的联想、想象的过程,这本身就有非常重要的意义。家庭及语文教育,都应认识到儿童的心理特点,对孩子的“懂”有正确的理解,给予儿童必要的指导。

自然,儿童对古诗文的感受也是不一样的,有的孩子感受强,有的孩子感受弱一些,这也没有关系。孩子们只要是认真读了古诗文,将这些优美的文字记在心中,随着自身的成长,终究是会有感受的。

(作者:唐晓敏,系广东外语外贸大学南国商学院教授)

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