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中国书法本体特征浅论

2017-08-30 07:21:52   中国青年网

本报特约撰稿人 陈永革

书法是什么?就像房屋是什么一样,答案似乎既简单又现成。但是,要去深入地思考,又觉得不容易说清楚。这是因为书法本体的基本特征在数千年的历史长河中有一个发展的过程。它与中华民族各个历史时期的政治、经济、文化等方面的发展状况相适应,在整个文化艺术体系中,书法又有其共性和个性。对于书法本体的研究,涉及书法史、书法理论与批评以及它的文化外延、艺术学等,是个看似简单而实际上却是庞大而模糊的问题。

书法是汉字的艺术

没有汉字就不会有中国的书法艺术,这是人人皆知的事实。但就是这个极为简单的问题,却有着极复杂的内容。文字的最初产生,如同石铲石斧一样,只是为了实用而已,即赋予其形、音、义三要素。

书法作为汉字实用功能的附属形式,当时还没有独立的审美意识,即使是商周的甲骨文字,西周的金文书法,也还不存在自觉独立的艺术审美意识,尚包括在宗教意识中。我们不知道象形文字以前的文字状况,就象形文字来讲,具有超越模拟对象的符号意义,它往往包括同类事物和过程,还包括“指事”“会意”等成分,总的来讲具有“状物抒情”的性能。“汉字形体获得了独立于符号意义(字义)的发展途径”以后,“它更以其净化了的线条美”“更为自由和更为多样的线的曲直运动和空间构造,表现和表达出种种形体姿态、情感意兴和气势力量,终于形成了中国特有的线的艺术:书法”。因此,书法作为实用而存在时,它只是实用功能的附属品;当它独立以后,就成为书法艺术品,也可以说它是一种客观形式,具备了两种功能。这两种功能的主、次可以在某种条件下相互转化。当它以实用为主的时候,书法作为艺术就居于次要地位了;当它作为审美对象时,就成为艺术品了,实用则成为次要的了。

书法艺术在几千年中兴盛不衰,与汉字同时具备实用和欣赏两种功能不无关系。尽管书法艺术的发展有过曲折,但它始终作为中华民族的优秀传统文化艺术而得到继承和发扬。而且,随着汉字字体的隶化、楷化和草化的演变,使它的符号结构不断抽象化,抽象化了的线条,能够更加发挥人们的想象力。这种线条具有音乐般流畅的旋律、诗一般的韵味和意境、舞蹈般的优美姿态,成为中国各类造型艺术和表现艺术的灵魂。

书法形式中凝结了中华民族的文化意识

这里有两层意思:一是字体的构成和演变,体现了我国古典的哲学思想。它的线条在结体构成中具有对立统一的法则,体现了我国古典哲学中阴阳学的辩证思想,是中华民族古典文化的结晶;二是书法艺术与中华民族同步发展,所以它渗透着民族文化的精神。

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