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完善宏观审慎政策重在防范风险

2017-08-30 06:22:00   中国青年网

当前,金融创新快速发展,混业经营现象突出,金融机构的资产负债类型更为多样,仅盯住传统的银行信贷等指标已经不适应发展需求。因此,必须扩大监管视角,将此前游离于监管体系之外、但对金融体系影响较大的指标也纳入监管范畴。有关方面应在坚持积极稳妥去杠杆的同时,注重加强监管协调,把握好政策力度、节奏,稳定市场预期,保持结构调整总体平稳有序

日前,中国人民银行宣布将两项指标纳入宏观审慎评估体系(MPA),并对其中一项给出了明确的时间表:拟从2018年一季度评估时开始,将同业存单纳入MPA同业负债占比指标;另一项则指明了监管方向:将探索把规模较大、具有系统重要性特征的互联网金融业务纳入MPA。

宏观审慎政策主要以防范系统性风险、维护金融稳定为目标,以宏观、逆周期、跨市场视角,实行自上而下的衡量方法,着力于减缓金融体系顺周期波动和跨市场风险传染对宏观经济和金融稳定造成的冲击。2008年国际金融危机爆发后,主要经济体开始着手构建宏观审慎政策框架,以便更直接、更有针对性地维护金融体系稳定。当前,金融创新快速发展,混业经营现象突出,金融机构的资产负债类型更为多样,仅盯住传统的银行信贷等指标已经不适应发展需求。因此,必须扩大监管视角,将此前游离于监管体系之外、但对金融体系影响较大的指标也纳入监管范畴。同业存单和部分互联网金融业务,就属于此类。

近年来,同业存单、互联网金融业务规模迅速增长,风险也不容忽视。2016年MPA刚实施时,同业存单发行才1000多亿元。2017年1月份至7月份,商业银行同业存单发行量已经超过11万亿元,同比增长55.7%。在规模膨胀的同时,风险也在积累。部分银行通过大量发行同业存单,资产期限错配,形成了“同业存单—同业理财—委外债券”的杠杆链条,这一同业资金链不仅脆弱且传染性极强。

对于互联网金融的规模,据不完全统计,目前已经超过17.8万亿元,用户超过5亿人。但其本质上做的还是金融业务,并没有改变金融业的风险属性。同时,“互联网”背后的风险更具隐蔽性、传染性和外溢性,并与整个金融体系紧密联系,一旦发生风险,可能会迅速扩散并交叉传导。而且,部分互联网金融产品已具有系统重要性影响,同样存在诱发系统性金融风险的可能。

防止发生系统性金融风险是金融工作的永恒主题。将同业存单和部分互联网金融业务纳入MPA,在当前形势下显得尤为迫切。我国当前面临错综复杂的国内外经济形势,防范金融风险的挑战更加严峻。为此,全国金融工作会议提出,当前要把主动防范化解系统性金融风险放在更加重要的位置,科学防范,早识别、早预警、早发现、早处置。这对宏观审慎管理能力提出了更高要求。

需要注意的是,在政策实施过程中,市场资金供求的稳定性也会受到影响,这要求有关方面在坚持积极稳妥去杠杆的同时,更加注意加强监管协调,把握好政策力度、节奏,稳定市场预期,保持结构调整总体平稳有序。因此,为实现平稳过渡,央行在将同业存单纳入MPA时,将安排一定的过渡期,并对资产规模在5000亿元以上的“大银行”先行考核。预计经过8个月的过渡期调整后,达标的压力并不大。

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