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七夕是中国古老的传统节日,起源于古代的星纪崇拜,进而升华为牛郎织女相会的爱情故事。七夕之夜成为少女祭祀星神、祈求心灵手巧的浪漫之夜。
七夕节俗的丰富与圆满是在六朝时期。六朝时期关于七夕有多种生动地记述,晋人周处《风土记》描述了民间七夕节俗的生动场景:七月七日,其夜将庭院洒扫干净,摆上茶几饭桌,设酒脯时果,说河鼓、织女二星神此夕相会。守夜的人都隐怀私愿,向上天表达你的求富、求贵、求寿或者求子的愿望。汉魏以后,七夕主要成为表达女性愿望、比试与展示女性巧艺的节日。
七夕乞巧习俗丰富多样,除了仰观星汉,乞求富贵子嗣、容颜美好外,心灵手巧是传统社会对女性的特别要求。甘肃陇南西和以撒花瓣的方式乞巧,乞巧歌词,“巧娘娘,快给我姐妹赐花瓣,莫赐宝贝莫赐钱,赐我一副巧心眼”。巧心眼属于心智之巧,巧妇是民间社会推崇的偶像。古代“妇功”同样重要,它强调女性纺织、针线等技艺的掌握。因此,七夕乞巧在后代特别重视女性手艺的精巧。近代山东有拜巧姐乞巧,唱乞巧歌:“我请巧姐吃桃子,巧姐教我缝袍子。我请巧姐吃李子,巧姐教我学纺织。我请巧姐吃甜瓜,巧姐教我学绣花。”穿针乞巧是自汉代以来的七夕乞巧项目,月夜穿针要求快、准、巧,这是难度很高的技术活。在民间还有一个特别的园艺乞巧方式,那就是种巧芽。人们在七夕之前,培植豆芽或麦芽,到七夕活动期间,妇女带着各自精心培植的作品,奉献给巧娘娘,同时让大家品评,看谁的巧芽长得茁壮顺溜,谁就得巧。这是种植技艺的比试,是对女性智慧的激发与农事技艺成果的肯定。
当代社会在传统节日复兴过程,人们对七夕节重新发生兴趣。七夕节再次得到社会重视。七夕节是全球化过程中中国节日重振的典型之一,它直接应对的是西方的情人节。中国本来没有情人的概念,中国重视的是家族社会关系,节日服务于这种家族文化需要。20世纪末叶以来,西方节庆文化进入中国,情人节受到年轻人青睐。由于西方节日的启发,或是为了应对这种情况,人们发现中国传统的七夕节中有两情相悦的节日元素,于是对七夕进行改造,有意识地遗忘乞巧节俗,扩张男女相会的节俗传说,提出七夕为中国情人节或爱情节的说法。但是,这些以两性交往为七夕主题的节日改造对于纯正的传统七夕节来说是有偏差的。因为传统七夕以乞巧为主,所有活动围绕女性之“巧”以及对未来美好生活祈求展开。
七夕作为传统的女性节日,在当代社会要适应时代变化的需要,既传承历史文化传统,也要变革创新。
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