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两方面区分寻衅滋事罪与故意毁坏财物罪
2017-08-28 08:21:54 中国青年网
寻衅滋事罪,是指肆意挑衅,随意殴打、骚扰他人或任意损毁、占用公私财物,或者在公共场所起哄闹事,严重破坏社会秩序的行为,是从1979年刑法第160条规定的流氓罪中分解出来的一个罪名。其行为表现中的第三项为“强拿硬要或者任意损毁、占用公私财物,情节严重的”。相关司法解释中也明确“任意损毁、占用公私财物价值2000元以上的,应当认为寻衅滋事罪第三项规定的情节严重”。而故意毁坏财物罪,是指故意毁坏公私财物,数额较大或有其他严重情节的行为,属于侵犯财产类犯罪,司法解释中明确“造成公私财物损失5000元以上的,应立案追究”。两个罪名在主观和客观方面都存在一定的重合。如主观方面都是故意,希望或放任某种结果的发生,客观方面都是造成了财物的损毁,侵犯了公私财产权。而两罪的不同之处最明显的是寻衅滋事罪的入罪门槛是2000元,低于故意毁坏财物罪的5000元,这也是司法实践中,很多不构他罪的行为有时被归为寻衅滋事罪的重要原因。在此,试从主观故意和客体两个方面区分寻衅滋事罪与故意毁坏财物罪,以求得出较为明确的结论。
第一,主观动机方面:故意中是否具有“随意性”。对于寻衅滋事一词的理解,依照2013年“两高”《关于办理寻衅滋事刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》(下称《解释》)规定,行为人为寻求刺激、发泄情绪、逞强耍横等,无事生非,实施随意殴打他人、追逐、拦截、辱骂、恐吓他人等刑法第293条规定的行为的,应当认定为寻衅滋事。寻衅滋事罪所要求的“情节限制”,使得犯罪动机成为区分此罪与他罪的关键所在。同时,基于立法本意考虑,寻衅滋事罪包含的主观心态主要是行为人寻求精神刺激、公然藐视国家法律法规法纪与社会传统道德的故意和肆意,主观恶性较大,危害程度也要大于故意毁坏财物罪,所以,其入罪门槛的设定低于故意毁坏财物罪。
司法实践中,在对“随意”性的认定上,通常以是否属于“无事生非”和“事出有因”进行判断,“无事生非”认定为寻衅滋事,如果“事出有因”则不认定为本罪。但不应忽视的是“任何故意犯罪行为都有其产生的主观原因或动机”。将行为人“无事生非”地毁坏财物认定为“随意”没有分歧,而对于“事出有因”行为中的“随意”认定,一直是个难点。“因”虽然是很主观、很有“个体性”的因素,但笔者认为,判断所谓的“因”是否站得住脚,可以从“因”的内容是否合理以及因果关系两方面分析,如果行为人毁坏他人财物的原因荒谬,有悖逻辑,属于“强盗逻辑”,且该原因与损毁行为的实施一般意义上并不具有引起与被引起的必然因果关系,那么行为人所谓的“因”便等同于“无事生非”,应认定为“寻衅滋事”。
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