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韩美打起自贸协定修订“攻防战”

2017-08-28 06:16:56   中国青年网

在修订自由贸易协定一事上,韩美双方分歧严重,第一轮博弈无功而返,这还仅是个开始,今后的FTA修订“攻防战”将更加激烈。对于特朗普政府的频频发难,韩国国内出现了比较复杂的心态:既不满又担忧。但面对美国这个超级大国,韩国手中的筹码并不多。

近日,美韩两国召开美韩自贸协定联委会特别会议,就是否开始修订韩美自由贸易协定(FTA)一事展开磋商。其中,美方提出应尽早开启修订美韩FTA相关谈判。韩方对此则持消极态度,并声称应首先由两国专家展开调查、分析和评价,并确认美国贸易赤字的原因。最终,韩美双方未能达成一致意见。有分析认为,韩美双方分歧严重,第一轮博弈无功而返,这还仅是个开始,今后的FTA修订“攻防战”将更加激烈。

韩美在FTA上的矛盾早已有之。特朗普竞选美国总统之时,就曾多次提及美韩FTA对美不利,甚至称美韩FTA是个“坏协定”,要求重新协商。美国一些官员也曾在此问题上对韩多次发难。韩方则一直坚称,韩美FTA是互利共赢的协定,两国利益均衡,韩国一直以来都在根据两国协议切实推进。但特朗普政府似乎并不买账,决意修订,有分析认为,其意图在于争取更多经济利益。

从近几年韩美贸易情况看,美国一直处于对韩逆差状态,且金额不小。韩国产业通商资源部公布的数据显示,近3年韩国对美顺差额分别为250亿美元、258亿美元和232亿美元,处于前5位的项目分别是汽车、无线通讯设备、汽车零部件、疫苗和石油制品。其中,汽车贸易顺差非常明显,去年顺差额达到145亿美元,占总贸易顺差额的62.5%。过去5年中,韩国对美汽车出口以12.4%的年平均增速不断增加,汽车零部件则以6.1%的年平均增速增加。所以韩国国内不少分析认为,若韩美启动FTA修订谈判,首当其冲的就是韩国汽车业。

对于特朗普政府的频频发难,韩国国内也出现了比较复杂的心态。

一方面是不满。韩国和美国经常声称“政经分离”,即政府要将内政、外交问题与国际贸易分离。但此次美韩FTA修订提议并不单纯是国际贸易问题,而是与诸多涉韩外交安全问题挂钩。而且,美韩属于同盟关系,特朗普政府在多个涉及“钱”的问题上突然向韩发难,使韩国国内产生了不满情绪。

韩国的立场是:美韩FTA本身就是美国当年主动向韩提出的贸易协定,现在美方单方面提议修订,似有不妥。另外,虽然贸易数据显示韩国对美有较大贸易顺差,但美韩间服务贸易和对美军购并未统计在两国贸易额之中,所以数据中显示的韩国对美贸易顺差比较片面,不能说明美韩贸易整体情况。以2016年为例,韩国对美贸易顺差为232亿美元,但韩国对美存在服务贸易逆差107亿美元,去年还向美购买了约5兆韩元的武器,这两项数据未被计算在美韩贸易额之中。若计算进去,去年韩国对美实际顺差仅为60亿至70亿美元。

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