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依据“非法持有”特征 认定巨额财产来源不明罪
2017-08-27 08:21:49 中国青年网
巨额财产来源不明罪之条款一直受到实务界与理论界的广泛关注。我国刑法第395条规定:“国家工作人员的财产或者支出明显超过合法收入,差额巨大的,可以责令说明来源。本人不能说明合法来源的,差额部分以非法所得论,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,财产的差额部分予以追缴。”关于巨额财产来源不明罪实行行为的界定,刑法理论界主要有无行为要件说、作为说、不作为说、持有说、二元模式说等五种学说。“无行为要件说”认为,巨额财产来源不明罪是立法推定型犯罪,并不存在具体的客观行为要件。“作为说”认为,该罪的实行行为是非法获取巨额财产。“不作为说”认为,该罪的实行行为是拒绝说明巨额财产来源。“持有说”认为,该罪的实行行为是非法拥有巨额财产。“二元模式说”中的一种观点认为,本罪的客观方面应当由表现为作为形式的非法获取巨额财产和表现为不作为形式的拒绝说明巨额财产来源双重行为复合而成;另一种观点认为,本罪的客观方面应该是持有巨额财产的状态和拒绝说明巨额财产来源的行为复合而成。
比较而言,笔者认为“持有说”更为合理。巨额财产来源不明罪的实行行为是国家工作人员非法持有来源不明的巨额财产。需要注意的是,“本人不能说明合法来源的”,是对行为人“非法持有来源不明的巨额财产”的再次评价,这种说明义务的不履行并不是导致行为人获得巨额财产的原因。实际上,“本人不能说明合法来源的”与“非法持有来源不明的巨额财产”并非并列关系,而是融合关系。
如果把握了巨额财产来源不明罪的实质是“非法持有来源不明的巨额财产”,那么解决有关离职国家工作人员拥有巨额不明财产是否适用本罪的问题就迎刃而解了。具体来说,如果有证据证明离职国家工作人员目前持有的巨额财产形成于在职期间,且不能说明合法来源的,即可适用巨额财产来源不明罪。尽管案发时其不再具有国家工作人员的身份,但刑法评价的对象是其具有国家工作人员身份期间形成的财产,这并不违反身份犯原理。
如果离职国家工作人员目前持有的巨额财产系离职后所获得且与原职务没有直接关系,则不能适用巨额财产来源不明罪。但对于这类财产,如果没有合法来源,则可以考虑适用利用影响力受贿罪。利用影响力受贿罪,可以惩治离职国家工作人员在离职后利用原职权或地位形成的便利条件实施的受贿行为。
(作者单位:解放军石家庄军事人民检察院)
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