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明确证明对象推动侦查人员出庭作证
2017-08-27 08:15:50 中国青年网
刑事诉讼法明确规定了证人、鉴定人员、侦查人员等三类人员应当出庭作证的具体情况,但实践中侦查人员出庭作证的仍然较为少见。这种现象带来的后果就是,控辩双方难以在庭上展开实质交流和对抗,影响庭审效果;侦查人员不对被质疑侦查取证行为进行充分证明,不利于法官准确作出裁决;被告人的基本诉讼权利得不到充分保障,不利于实现程序公平。之所以侦查人员出庭作证制度落实不到位,存在多方面原因,而证明对象不明确显然是重要因素之一。
作为证明对象的实体事实、程序事实与证据事实
事实上,侦查人员出庭作证与普通证人出庭作证的区别,最为重大且关键的就在于证明对象的不同。侦查人员因其职务的特殊性,与普通证人有截然不同的证明对象,包括实体事实、程序事实和证据事实,侦查人员由于自身角色职责特点,其作证具有特殊意义。正是因为如此,使得侦查人员作为特殊证人更加具有不可替代性,从而更加体现其出庭作证的必要性。具体而言,所有有关被告人定罪量刑的事实和信息都是实体事实,也就是证明犯罪事实是否存在、被告人是否实施犯罪、实施犯罪行为的具体情况、应当被判处多少刑罚的事实。据此,实体事实可以进一步分为定罪事实和量刑事实。而程序事实是指在刑事诉讼中出现的,能够反映诉讼行为是否符合相关程序法规定,即是否符合刑事诉讼法中相关规定的事实,包括关于管辖、回避、强制措施、诉讼期限等贯穿于整个诉讼过程中的程序事实。依据诉讼阶段的不同,可以将程序事实划分为四类:侦查程序中的事实、审查起诉程序中的事实、审判程序中的事实和执行程序中的事实,其中,可以在审判阶段得到证明并被法庭裁断的是前三类程序事实,发生在执行阶段的程序事实并不是传统意义上的证明对象。
对于证据事实能否成为刑事诉讼证明对象,历来存在争议。证据事实,即证据本身所记载和反映的事实,证据是证据事实的物质载体。证据与事实之间是形式与内容的关系:证据中包含着事实,但证据并不等同于事实,更不等同于“查证事实”。理论界多数学者均将证据事实排除在证明对象之外。但笔者认为,证据事实可以成为证明对象,是“证明对象中的特殊部分”,理由在于:
首先,在诉讼证明活动中除免证事实外,没有不需要证明的对象。其次,任何证据事实其本身不能证明自身的真实性。不存在一种可以“自证身份”的证据,存在的只有证据所表现的真实性程度的高低。再次,任何作为证明依据的事物,都可能转化为其他证据的证明对象。当证明主体用一个证据来证明待证事实时,这个证据既是可以证明待证事实的一部分,又是需要被证明的证据事实。根据证据法原理,所有被采纳的证据都应当符合“证据三性”,即真实性、关联性、合法性。作为证明对象的证据事实,被证明的应当是证据的内部属性,即证据的真实性;而对关联性的证明,并没有法律上的判断标准,只能依靠裁判者的经验判断;证据的合法性则是指证据的形式与来源应当合法,属于证据形式上的要求,而非内部属性。目前,刑事诉讼中控辩双方进行质证的大部分证据都是由侦查人员搜集并固定、保存的,关于证据的来源、真实与否,侦查人员掌握着最多的信息,在需要对证据真实性进行证明的场合,由侦查人员进行证明是十分合理的,特别是在控辩双方对此存在异议,法官又难以依据其他证据进行判断时,侦查人员出庭作证非常有必要,从而让法官成为证据真实性的最后判断者,而不是预先设定了证据的真实性。侦查人员对证据事实的证明,主要在于通过其他证据来证明自己收集并移交给起诉使用的证据是真实可靠的。例如,对勘验、检查、搜查过程中提取、扣押的物证、书证真实性的证明,应当有相应符合形式要求的勘验检查笔录和物品清单证明该证据是在取证过程中发现的,同时,法官应当审查该证据事实与其他证据事实是否有矛盾、冲突之处,是否能共同证明案件事实,侦查人员提供证明的证言是否有疑点等,否则该证据的真实性应当存疑,对于真实性存疑的证据不应当作为定案依据。
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