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甘薯物种起源获揭示

2017-08-27 06:16:46   中国青年网

杨俊博士在实验室介绍揭示甘薯起源的研究成果。 本报记者 沈则瑾摄

本报讯 记者沈则瑾报道:日前,中科院上海辰山植物科学研究中心和上海植物生理生态研究所联合德国的科研团队在国际著名学术期刊《自然 植物》上共同发表了揭示甘薯起源的重要论文。

这是科学界在多倍体基因组学领域取得的一项重大突破,开创了多倍体复杂基因组分析的先河。

我国以世界总种植面积50%的土地生产了全球80%以上的甘薯,年产量近亿吨,仅次于水稻、小麦和玉米。确保甘薯高产稳产,对于我国粮食安全具有重要保障作用。

然而,甘薯复杂的遗传背景一直以来是制约甘薯研究的瓶颈,甘薯起源问题悬而未决。现在,中德科学家绘制出甘薯基因组图谱,揭示了这一重要作物的物种起源历史。据悉,中科院上海辰山植物科学研究中心的杨俊博士为该论文第一作者。

据杨俊介绍,甘薯基因组共有约4.4亿个碱基对。虽然,近年来高通量测序技术日新月异,但解析多倍体基因组仍然面临着巨大障碍。该研究不仅将绝大部分基因组序列定位到对应染色体上,还通过全新生物信息学方法,将六倍体的六组染色体分开,从而揭示:在甘薯的90条染色体中,有30条染色体来源于其二倍体祖先种,另外60条染色体来源于其四倍体祖先种;约50万年前,二倍体祖先种和四倍体祖先种之间的一次种间杂交孕育了今天这一重要作物。

杨俊告诉《经济日报》记者,这一发现解决了甘薯起源的谜题,为合理利用甘薯近缘野生种提供了崭新思路。“通过我们的发现以及后续研究,可以界定甘薯最初的祖先,从而更好地利用甘薯近缘野生种,提升常规育种的进程,为广大消费者提供更多、更好的甘薯品种。”杨俊说。

国际甘薯基因组计划始于2014年,由中科院上海辰山植物科学研究中心和中国科学院上海植物生理生态研究所张鹏课题组共同发起,联合泰安市农业科学院、德国马克斯普朗克分子遗传研究所和分子植物生理研究所共同完成。该研究充分发挥了多边合作优势,历时仅18个月,攻克了多倍体基因组组装的世界性难题。该研究采用先进测序技术,自主开发了一套全新的多倍体单倍型化分析软件,成功绘制出甘薯基因组的精细图。这为其他复杂多倍体基因组测序提供了完善可靠的策略与技术,将大力推动资源植物功能基因组学研究的进程。

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