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再读“中国白”(艺坛走笔)

2017-08-27 03:16:50   中国青年网

随着“丝路使者‘中国白’再出发——德化白瓷艺术展”在中国国家博物馆开幕,“中国白”成为京城内外媒体和观众关注的热点。瓷是我国的重要发明和创造,已有两千多年的历史。我国的瓷,按颜色可分为青瓷和白瓷,按功能则包括器皿和瓷塑。“中国白”,是人们对德化白瓷的美誉;瓷塑,是“中国白”的代表性艺术创作。然而,创作界、理论界、收藏界似乎对“中国白”及其艺术创作,仍有不少误读和误解。如何正确解读“中国白”?

“中国白”,首先是瓷,不是陶。“陶瓷”虽是合称,但实际上陶与瓷是两种不同的物质。陶与瓷的差别多多,主要表现在:材料之别,陶土与瓷土;烧成温度不同,低温与高温;陶常不施釉,瓷施釉;胎体致密度,陶低而瓷高,等等。“中国白”符合上述所有瓷之要素,是典型的瓷。

“雕塑”与“陶瓷”一样,也是个复合词。在艺术创作上,雕与塑同样是两个不同的概念。一般来讲,雕是指去掉竹木、玉石等“完整”材料上多余的部分以造型,塑则是指将泥土等“非完整”材料通过“堆”等方式进行造型。因此,前者可谓“减法”造型,后者则是“加法”造型。瓷塑,是塑而非雕,是典型的“加法”造型。“中国白”之造型艺术,称为“白瓷塑”远比“白瓷雕”精准得多。从这个角度讲,在德化瓷塑创作界盛行已久的“捏、塑、雕、镂、贴、接、推、修”等八大技法,不仅显得牵强附会,而且已经造成概念混乱,理应予以厘清。

“中国白”的传统烧造技艺,早在2006年已经被列入国家级非物质文化遗产名录。与其他诸多传统陶瓷烧造技艺一样,“中国白”的传统烧造技艺,也可区分为“烧”之技艺与“造”之技艺。“中国白”在泥胎上完成瓷塑之“造”,柔软的瓷泥无疑大大降低了其技术难度和技术含量。即是说,仅就瓷塑之“造”而言,“中国白”的技艺特点并不十分突出。但是“中国白”的“烧”之技艺,却值得大大炫耀,因为它合理地处理好了在高温烧制下瓷土18%左右的收缩率问题。德化瓷塑题材多样,泥胎各个部位薄厚严重不均匀。因此,能否熟练掌握烧制中的收缩率,是决定“中国白”艺术创作成败的关键,尤其是写实创作。“中国白”能在中国陶瓷史上独树一帜,正得益于其数千年“烧”之技艺的不断精进和完善。

在中国传统文化里,玉,不仅被赋予特殊的审美价值,还被神圣化和人格化。“以玉比德”“君子无故,玉不去身”,都是明证。而一定意义上讲,瓷,可以在更大范围满足更多国人尤其是普通民众对玉之审美追求和情怀寄托。这或许正是瓷何以最早被中国人发明和创造,并得以快速成长和发展的主要原因之一。从历史角度论,白瓷要比青瓷晚得多,但是中国瓷“似玉,非玉,而胜于玉”的审美价值和精神价值创造,则是由青瓷和白瓷共同完成的。甚至,白瓷还在一些方面胜过了青瓷。比如,在瓷塑上,白瓷远比青瓷为美。这是阅读“中国白”不可忽视的重要内容。但凡接触过高品质“中国白”的人,无论是器皿,还是瓷塑,无不为其瓷质致密、胎釉洁白、如脂似玉、晶莹剔透的审美境界所感动、所征服。因此,“世界白瓷看中国,中国白瓷看德化”,不仅是赞美之词,更是实至名归的表达。

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