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国外是如何发展机器人的
2017-08-26 04:10:54 中国青年网
【机器人发展的未来图景】
欧盟:让机器人享有人的权利和义务
欧盟重视推动机器人领域先进技术的发展,已出资支持很多机器人相关项目,也成立了很多机器人协会。2014年,欧盟开始实施“地平线2020”计划。该计划有三大支柱:一是一流的技术,其中包括玛里居里计划,它关注未来新兴技术,其中很大一部分是和机器人相关的。二是在工业产业方面实现领先的计划。三是应对社会挑战的计划,涉及医疗、人口结构的变化以及农业永续发展等。该计划一直延续到2020年,将有几十亿欧元资金的支持。在实施过程中,“地平线2020”计划将促进公营和私营领域的合作,推动社会很多领域的发展,如绿色交通等。通过该计划,欧盟制造业能够直接创造3000万人就业,间接创造1500万人就业。目前欧盟正在考虑为机器人立法,自主机器人在未来可能会获得电子人的身份,这样的话机器人也会有义务和权利了,今后的几年当中欧盟立法机构将会对此进行讨论。
英国:致力研发下一代创新和颠覆式技术
英国政府很早就认识到了机器人和自主系统的重要性,在20世纪80年代就推出了阿尔维计划,提出发展软件工程、人机交互、高级微电子技术几个关键领域,之后又推出八大技术和战略产业,确定大数据、太空、机器人、合成生物学、再生医学、农业科学、先进材料和可再生能源八个领域的发展方向。英国专门成立了国家工程和物理科学研究委员会,研究领域涉及机器人设计、计算、测试、传感、控制系统工程等。该委员会已经在人工智能、计算机视觉、人机互动、自然语言理解和实时通信网络技术的方面做了很多基础性研究,并且开始开展应用方面工作。2017年4月,国家工程和物理科学研究委员会专门拿出9300万英镑,支持大学和行业之间进行联合研究,仅机器人和人工智能领域的研究,投入就达到4200万英镑。国家工程和物理科学研究委员会的目标之一就是要研发下一代创新和颠覆式技术,涵盖医疗技术、数字工厂技术等,他们认为机器人可能是未来自动系统当中最为重要的一环。
澳大利亚:让服务机器人更好地服务人类
澳大利亚没有强大的制造业基础,该国更多发展服务机器人。农业是澳大利亚非常重要的产业,该国将机器人和智能系统引入到高精细的农业当中,使用多机器人勘测,应用不同的感应器来对产量进行建模。比如,以前耕地和播种之间有延迟,但是采用机器人操作后就可以缩短周期。同时机器人还可以监测土地土壤的状况,对整个区域土壤的条件和质量进行监测、评估和分析。澳大利亚还将这种技术应用到了园艺当中,比如利用机器人学习技术统计苹果的数量,同时还可以除虫。现在澳大利亚在航空和国防领域也在开展机器人研究,比如让无人机能够实现互相通信,完成空中加油工作等。
(本报记者 刘江伟、张云整理)
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